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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


&/ 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2007 


http://archive.org/details/elementsofphonetOOeastiala 


ELEMENTS  OF 

Phonetic  Shorthand 


A  COMPLETE  COURSE  OF 

LESSONS  BASED  ON 

THE 


Benn  Pitman 
System  of  Phonography 


By  s.  h.  east 


SECOND  EDITION 
REVISED  AND  RE-ENGRAVED 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHOR 

INDIANAPOLIS 

1907 


Copyright.  1902,  by  S.  H.  East 
Copyright,  1907,  by  S.  H.  East 


Photo-Engraved  by 

The  Stafford  Engraving  Company 

Indianapolis 


The  Pearl  Printing  Company 

Printers 

Indianapolis,  Indiana 


PREFACE 

The  purpose  of  this  book  is  not  to  make  shorthand  easy  ot  attain- 
ment, but  to  enable  the  student  by  hard   study  and   painstaking 
practice  to  reach  a  high  degree  of  proficiency  in  the   stenographic 
art. 
w      The  lessons  were  originally  prepared  in  typewritten  form  as  sup- 
jjj  plementary  to  another  text.     They  were  revised   and   extended  as 
"*  defects  and  inaccuracies  were  discovered  until  it  is  now  believed  they 
i!T  embody  a  clear  and  concise  statement  in   logical  order  of  all  the 
JJs  principles  of  Phonography  from  the  alphabet  to  the  briefest  report- 
S3  ing  style. 

The  system  here  presented  is  substantially  that  of  Benn  Pitman. 
Some  changes  have  been  made  in  minor  details,  principally  in  the 
jr  simple  word-signs,  the  modifications  in  most  cases  being  designed  to 
U    increase  legibility  without  impairing  speed. 

The  shorthand  exercises  were  photo-engraved  from  the  author's 
copy  and,  while  not  mechanically  perfect,  they  represent  a  practic- 
able and  legible  style  of  writing  which  the  pupil  should  strive  to 
m    imitate. 

In  preparing  this  second  edition,  the  author  has  taken  occasion  to 
P    thoroughly  revise  and  rewrite  the  entire  work.     Great  care  has  been 
taken  to  make  it  as  nearly  perfect  and  complete  as  possible  in  every 
particular. 


44857? 


TO  THE  STUDENT 

In  taking  up  a  new  lesson  first  read  carefully  the  entire  lesson, 
noting  how  the  principles  are  applied  in  the  accomanying  illustra- 
tions. Copy  the  engraved  outlines  several  times,  endeavoring  to 
write  the  forms  both  accurately  and  rapidly.  Make  two  or  three 
copies  of  the  writing  exercise,  then  one  clean  copy  for  the  teacher's 
inspection.  See  that  \rour  exercises  are  as  nearly  perfect  as  you  can 
make  them  before  handing  them  to  your  teacher  for  his  examina- 
tion and  criticism. 

Learn  each  lesson  well  before  taking  up  the  one  following.  Review 
frequently  all  that  has  been  gone  over.  Every  principle  is  important; 
not  one  can  be  slighted  without  impairing  the  uniformity  and  com- 
pleteness of  the  system. 

The  outlines  given  in  the  engraved  exercises  will  remain  unchanged 
by  the  introduction  of  advanced  principles.  The  student  need  not, 
therefore,  hesitate  to  impress  the  forms  upon  his  memory. 

A  workman  is  known  by  his  tools,  and  the  student  who  expects  to 
become  a  skilled  workman  should  give  attention  to  the  selection  of 
the  tools  best  adapted  to  his  needs.  No  one  can  do  good  work  with 
poor  materials. 

A  steel  pen  is  the  best  instrument  to  use  while  learning  shorthand. 
The  student  should  experiment  with  different  kinds  and  select  the  one 
that  is  best  adapted  to  his  hand.  Spencerian  No.  1,  Esterbrook's 
Lady  Falcon  and  Hunt's  Round  Pointed,  Nos.  17  and  21,  are  good. 

Use  a  good  black  ink  that  flows  freely  and  gives  a  smooth  sharp 
line. 

For  office  work  and  general  reporting  a  well-selected  fountain  pen 
is  desirable.  Great  care  should  be  taken,  however,  to  secure  a  point 
that  exactly  suits  the  hand.  Only  ink  that  is  prepared  especially  for 
fountain  pens  should  be  used. 

It  is  well  occasionally  to  practice  with  a  pencil  so  that,  in  case  of 
necessity,  it  may  be  used  without  embarrassment.  It  should  be 
carefully  selected  and  kept  well  sharpened. 


Note-books  which  open  at  the  end  are  the  most  convenient  or 
shorthand  work.  Those  made  of  a  good  quality  of  paper  should  be 
selected.  Note-books  made  for  pencil  should  not  be  used  for  pen 
work,  as  the  paper  is  too  soft  and  does  not  permit  the  pen  to  move 
freely. 

Thoroughness  should  be  the  student's  aim  from  the  beginning. 
Every  principle  should  be  well  mastered  and  every  exercise  practiced 
until  it  can  be  executed  accurately  and  with  a  fair  degree  of  speed. 
The  outlines  must  be  formed  slowly  and  carefully  at  first,  but  a 
sluggish  or  cramped  habit  should  be  avoided.  Too  much  pains  can- 
not be  taken  to  cultivate  a  smooth,  easy  and  graceful  movement. 
Make  small,  neat  notes  at  all  times;  never  scribble.  A  bad  habit  of 
writing,  once  formed,  is  hard  to  overcome. 

In  shorthand  as  in  everj-thing  else  progress  comes  by  overcoming 
difficulties — do  not  give  up  until  you  are  master  of  the  situation. 

The  student  who  is  ambitious  to  reach  a  high  degree  of  proficiency 
in  stenography  should  use  every  available  means  to  increase  his  vo- 
cabulary. The  more  words  he  can  use  intelligently  the  easier  and 
better  will  he  do  his  work. 

In  order  to  enlarge  his  stock  of  words  he  should  read  extensively 
in  all  kinds  of  goo,d  literature,  reading  carefully  and  not  passing 
lightly  over  words  the  exact  meaning  of  which  he  does  not  under- 
stand. A  large  dictionary  should  be  within  reach  and  frequently 
referred  to.  The  spelling,  pronunciation  and  derivation  of  words, 
as  well  as  the  definitions,  require  close  stud3\  A  small  pocket  dic- 
tionary, although  a  necessary  part  of  the  stenographer's  equipment, 
is  not  suitable  for  the  deeper  and  more  thorough  study  necessary  in 
the  acquirement  of  a  vocabulary. 


NEAT  WRITING  AN  IMPERATIVE   NEED 

It  hardly  need  be  said  that  the  student  should  aim  from  the  start 
to  write  neatly  and  especially  to  observe  the  distinction  between 
light  strokes  and  heavy.  This  distinction,  which  is  so  great  a  help 
toward  legibility,  can  be  kept  up  even  in  rapid  writing,  if  the  habit 
of  observing  it  be  established  by  careful  practice  in  the  beginning. 

However  hard  it  may  be  to  restrain  the  premature  eagerness  of 
the  pupil  for  "speed,"  and  however  difficult  to  induce  him  to  insure 
their  correct  form,  inclination  and  thickness,  this  is  a  requirement 
which  cannot  be  waived,  if,  when  he  becomes  a  practicing  stenogra- 
pher, he  is  to  read  his  notes  with  facility  and  certainty. 

Yet,  while  undue  haste  is  to  be  discouraged,  especially  the  haste 
which  induces  superficial,  instead  of  thorough,  study  of  the  rudi- 
ments, it  is  important  that  the  student  should  not  acquire  during 
his  early  practice  a  sluggish  habit  of  hand  and  mind. 

The  maxim  "make  haste  slowly,"  so  often  pressed  upon  beginners 
in  shorthand,  may  be  seriously  misunderstood  and  misapplied. 
There  being  in  the  student's  early  exercises  no  pressure  for  speed,  he 
feels  that,  with  abundant  leisure,  he  may  take  his  own  time  in  pon- 
dering and  hesitating.  Thus  there  may  grow  up  a  dawdling  habit 
of  mind,  unless  even  the  beginner  is  urged,  not  to  a  hasty,  but  a 
prompt,  decision. 

So,  too,  being  instructed  to  shape  his  characters  carefully  and  to 
"think  nothing  of  speed,"  the  student  too  often  acquires,  if  I  may  so 
express  it,  a  drawling  style  of  execution.  Each  stroke  is  traced  or 
drawn  with  painful  slowness.  Thus  there  may  be  too  much  of  leis- 
urely deliberation  in  thinking  what  is  to  be  written,  and  too  finical 
or  over-scrupulous  care  in  writing.  It  is  therefore  in  many  cases 
advisable,  or  even  necessary,  to  put  a  live  coal  on  the  back  of  the 
tortoise — to  remind  even  the  beginner  that  shorthand  is  an  instru- 
ment for  writing  fast,  which  implies  mental  and  manual  quickness. — 
David  Wolfe  Brown,  in  The  Factors  of  Shorthand  Speed. 


CHAPTER  I    The  Alphabet 


THE  SHORTHAND  ALPHABET 

Straight  Consonant  Stems 

\     \     I   '   I      /      / 

Pe  Be      Te  De      Chay      Jay      Kay     Gay 

Regular  Curved  Stems 

Ef  Ve        1th        The         Ba  Ze         Jsh      Zhcc 

Irregular  Stems 

Eay        Ar        Em         En        Ing      Way       Yay       Hay 
Long  Vowels 


ee  a  ah  aw  0  oo 

We         may        bar         all  old        food. 

Short  Vowels 


I 
ft 


e  a  6  u  oo 

fell        Hat  on        pup's      foot. 


Diphthongs 


oi 
toil 


ou 

out 


u 

tube 


INTRODUCTION 

1.  Phonography,  or  Phonetic  Shorthand,  is  a  system  of  writing 
by  sound.  The  signs  used  represent  the  sounds  of  spoken  words  and 
not  the  letters  of  the  ordinary  spelling. 

2.  The  forty  elementary  sounds  of  the  English  language  are 
divided  into  two  general  classes — consonants  and  vowels.  The  con- 
sonants are  represented  by  straight  and  curved  stems,  the  vowels  by 
dots  and  dashes. 

3.  The  consonants  are  divided  into  three  groups — straight  stems, 
regular  curved  stems,  and  irregular  stems. 

4.  The  vowels  are  also  divided  into  three  groups — long  vowels, 
short  vowels,  and  diphthongs.  In  the  alphabet  the  consonant  Tis 
used  to  show  the  relative  positions  of  the  vowel  signs;  the  sounds 
so  represented  are  indicated  by  the  words  underneath  the  signs. 

5.  The  six  long  vowels  are  represented  by  a  heavy  dot  and  a 
heavy  dash  placed  at  the  beginning,  middle,  or  end  of  a  consonant 
stem.  They  are  accordingly  called  first-place,  second-place,  and  third- 
place  vowels. 

6.  The  six  short  vowels  are  represented  by  a  light  dot  and  a  light 
dash  placed  in  the  first,  second,  and  third  positions. 

7.  The  four  diphthongs  are  represented  by  complex  signs,  I  and 
Oi  being  written  in  the  first  position,  and  On  and  V  in  the  third. 

8.  All  the  consonants  of  a  word  are  first  written  without  lifting 
the  pen,  and  the  vowel  signs  are  then  inserted  in  their  proper  places. 
The  experienced  writer  is  able  to  omit  most  of  the  vowels  in  ordinary 
writing,  the  consonant  outlines  alone  being  sufficient  to  determine 
the  proper  word.  But  the  vowel  signs  should  be  thoroughly  learned 
so  that  when  needed  the\-  may  be  properly  placed  without  hesita- 
tion. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Straight  Stem  Consonants 

\     \     I       I      /     /     -    - 

Pe        Be  Te         De       Chay     Jay       Kay      Gay 

9.     These   signs  represent  the  consonant   sounds   heard  in   the 
words  pipe,  babe,  tight,  did,  church,  judge,  kick,  gag. 

10.  They  are  arranged  in  pairs,  light  and  shaded,  to  indicate  the 
corresponding  light  and  heavy  sounds. 

11.  P  and  B  are  written  downward  at  a  slant  of  forty-five 
degrees  and  rest  on  the  line.  T  and  D  are  written  downward  and 
exactly  vertical.  These  signs  represent  the  usual  sounds  of  these  let- 
ters.    Line  1. 

12.  When  one  stem  follows  another  in  the  same  outline,  both  are 
written  without  lifting  the  pen,  the  second  continuing  from  where 
the  first  ends.     Line  2. 

13.  When  two  stems  join  without  an  angle,  as  PP,  BB,  both  are 
made  with  a  continuous  movement  of  the  pen.  When  one  is  light 
and  the  other  shaded,  as  PB,  BP,  let  them  blend  into  each  other. 
Line  1. 

14.  Chay  and  /  are  invariably  written  downward  and  slant 
slightly  less  than  P  and  B.     Line  3. 

15.  Chay  represents  the  sound  of  ch  in  chain,  patch,  but  not  in 
chaise  or  chasm.  It  is  named  Chay  and  should  not  be  pronounced 
shay  or  see-aitch.  J  represents  the  sound  ofjor  g  soft,  as  in  jay, 
gem,  age,  judge. 

16.  K  and  Gay  are  written  from  left  to  right  and  rest  on  the  line. 
Line  4. 

17.  Gay  represents  only  the  hard  sound  of  g,  as  in  gag,  beg.  It 
should  never  be  pronounced  jee. 

18.  A  horizontal  stem  beginning  an  outline  and  followed  by  a 
downward  stem,  is  written  far  enough  above  the  line  to  permit  the 
downward  stem  to  rest  on  the  line;  as  KP,  KB.     Line  4. 

19.  The  light  stems  should  be  very  light  and  the  shaded  stems 
just  heavy  enough  to  be  easily  distinguished.  All  the  stems  should 
be  of  uniform  length  and  not  too  large.  The  size  shown  in  these 
pages  is  about  right  for  the  average  writer. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


READING   EXERCISE 


,.\ \. 


I 


\  \  YY '  ' 


..U IZ I~\ V~ Zl L. 17 L Z] UI2 

\ L y / L. Z....Z. \_ 17 L...~\ \ 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthatul 


Second-Place  Vowels 


20.  The  long  sound  of  a  is  represented  by  a  heavy  dot  placed  near 
the  middle  of  the  consonant  stem:  as  ape,  pay,  eight,  clay.     Line  1. 

21."  The  long  sound  of  o  is  represented  by  a  heavy  dash  placed 
near  the  middle  of  the  consonant  stem  and  at  right  angles  to  it;  as 
in  ope,  Poe,  oak,  obey,  opaque.     Lines  2—4. 

22.  The  short  sound  of  e  is  represented  by  a  light  dot  in  the  sec- 
ond position;  as  in  ebb,  Ed,  etch,  edge.     Line  5. 

23.  The  short  sound  of  u  is  represented  by  a  light  dash  in  the 
second  position;  as  in  up,  cup,  judge.      Line  6. 

24.  If  the  vowel  is  to  be  read  before  the  consonant,  it  is  placed  to 
the  left  of  vertical  and  slanting  stems  and  above  horizontal  steins. 
If  it  is  to  be  read  after  the  consonant.it  is  placed  to  the  right  of  ver- 
tical and  slanting  stems  and  below  horizontal  stems. 

25.  A  second-place  long  vowel  occurring  between  two  stems  is 
placed  after  the  first  stem.     Lines  3—4. 

26.  A  second-place  short  vowel  occurring  between  two  stems  is 
placed  before  the  second  stem.     Lines  5—6. 

27.  A  proper  name  is  indicated  when  necessar3*  by  two  ticks  under 
the  outline.     See  Poe,  Cato.      Line  2. 

28.  As  an  aid  to  the  omission  of  vowels,  the  consonant  outlines 
are  placed  in  the  position  indicated  by  the  accented  or  principal 
vowel.  Thus,  words  containing  a  first-place  vowel  are  written 
above  the  line;  those  containing  a  second-place  vowel,  on  the  line; 
and  those  containing  a  third-place  vowel,  through  or  under  the  line. 

29.  If  the  vowels  were  always  inserted  it  would  not  be  necessary 
to  put  outlines  in  different  positions,  but  since  in  rapid  writing  most 
of  the  vowels  are  omitted  it  is  well  for  the  learner  to  form  the  habit 
from  the  start  of  placing  outlines  in  their  proper  positions. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


READING    EXERCISE 


..AX -.1 1- -S X / /• =2= -T-... 

,A...X jy X K^. :J -I fc X A Ik 

\ L.....Z1 N 


\ 


i   i 


Z7 


*...ZX L. /L....!-...T\ 17.. A, 71 X X X.ZN 

,  ..X j 'I / j. k*. 4, L,...  /....=- v^ ~ 

o X ZXIA-V A.    I J Xju Ll.....\...Xjl Ll- 


Elements  oi  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Regular  Curved  Stems 

v.     v     (      (       )      )     /    J 

Ef  Ve        Ith        The       Es  Ze        Ish       Zhee 

30.  These  steins  represent  the  consonant  sounds  in  the  words  fife, 
vow,  oath,  thy,  see,  ooze,  she,  azure.     Lines  1-3. 

31.  They  are  arranged  in  pairs,  light  and  shaded,  like  the  straight 
stems.  The  curved  stems  should  be  shaded  only  in  the  middle,  taper- 
ing to  a  point  at  the  ends.  They  should  curve  uniformly  and  not 
too  much. 

32.  All  the  stems  of  this  group,  except  Ish,  are  written  downward. 

33  Ish  is  written  downward  when  it  is  the  only  stem  in  an  out- 
line. When  it  is  joined  to  other  stems  it  is  sometimes  written  down- 
ward and  sometimes  upward.  When  written  upward  it  is  named 
shay.     Lines  4-5. 

34.  The  rules  given  for  joining  the  straight  stems  apply  to  all  the 
characters. 

35.  Ith,  The,  S  and  Z  should  be  made  exactly  vertical'  /",  V.  Ish. 
and  Zhee  at  an  angle  of  about  forty-five  degrees. 

36.  The  distinction  in  the  sounds  represented  by  Ith  and  The  may 
readily  be  noticed  by  pronouncing  the  words  thin,  then,  wreath, 
wreathe,  hath,  bathe. 

37.  The  sound  of  Zhee  is  heard  in  the  words  usual,  measure 
regime,  rouge.     It  occurs  but  rarely  in  English. 

38.  The  words  in  line  7,  in  a  different  order,  are:  Fay,  oath,  foe, 
they,  Otho,  ace,  essay,  say,  show,  so,  owes,  shay. 

Note. — The  pupil  should  refer  to  a  dictionary  for  the  correct  pronuncia- 
tion of  such  words  as  regime,  rouge,  and  any  others  about  which  he  has  the 
least  doubt. 


Elements  ot  Phonetic  Shorthand 


READING  EXERCISE 


,   k... X  LA (  I  1   (  I ) 12 /J 

*-V^ f ( \ ! H ^ \ W 

-H V>  ) >V {<  H *t Wr 

...j J ^ k.2. v, k_z z. ,..^v.....y  .^sjsj\... 

,...\/....a^...n>...\^ 12 Z7 LZ...LZ..^ A 1Z hLd. 

Sii».iii»...-Vs-ct,...Ss^— \^ N. J. v Sw Sw. 


,Js. Sc :i -(- (• ■)    )• )- h 


J: -1 


[y 12 y  .^...k_  JL-JU 


10  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Irregular  Stems 

/--    ^  _  _  ^  ^    r   <s 

Lay        Ar         Em         En        Ing      Way       Yay      Hay 

39.  These  signs  represent  the  consonant  sounds  in  the  word  lull, 
roar,  main,  no,  sing,  way,  yay,  hay. 

40.  They  are  not  arranged  in  pairs  as  in  the  preceding  groups. 

41.  Lay  is  written  upward  when  standing  alone.  When  joined  to 
other  steins  it  is  generally  written  upward,  but  in  certain  cases  it  is 
written  downward.  When  written  downward  it  is  named  El. 
Line  3. 

42.  Ar,  Way,  and  Yay,  are  always  written  downward. 

43.  M,  X,  and  Ing  are  written  from  left  to  right. 

44.  Hay  is  written  upward.  When  standing  alone  it  slants  more 
than  Chay  and  Jay.  The  stem  should  be  perfectly  straight  and  the 
hook  quite  small,  a  mere  backward  tick.  When  Hay  is  joined  to  a 
preceding  stem  the  hook  cannot  be  made  perfectly  but  is  formed  by 
retracing  the  first  stem.     Lines  4-5. 

Directions  For  Joining  Consonants 

45.  When  two  or  more  stems  are  joined  the  pen  should  not  be 
lifted  until  the  outline  is  completed. 

46.  The  shaded  stems  should  be  made  with  a  single  continuous 
movement,  and  not  painted  over  after  the  stroke  is  completed. 

47.  When  stems  are  joined  at  an  angle,  the  angle  should  be  dis- 
tinct.    Lines  6—7. 

48.  If  a  straight  and  curved  stem,  or  two  curved  stems,  join 
without  an  angle  they  should  be  formed  with  a  continuous  move- 
ment. If  one  stem  be  light  and  the  other  shaded,  the}'  should  blend 
into  each  other      Lines  8-9. 

49.  When  a  straight  stem  is  joined  to  a  curved  stem  on  its  con- 
cave side,  and  at  right  angles  to  it,  the  point  of  junction  may  be 
somewhat  rounded,  but  care  must  be  taken  to  make  each  stem  dis- 
tinct.    Lines  10-11. 

50.  The  words  in  line  13,  in  a  different  order,  are:  Lay,  air,  err, 
may,  way,  yea,  hoe,  low,  oar,  aim,  know,  woe. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


11 


READING    EXERCISE 


a22ZLT2zO<l^^     T c^^^^uL. 

3....\z:....x kc s» jCZjl anA, ^JUZ. c>...'.~ 

*^d d\ ^.......^.......ZS.....ZS dL 

6...L<^1. 

«u,'n L=,.Zk _a =_.....rr\....n_...^....2... 

.<— i^n^j^jz V^-f 

2 2 i^C  ^ LzJZL. 

'V> Vs) -W^A^W=^ (- 

0.U U U U-^ 13. n ~D L. L. L-JL. 

,.Z1 3 (^/V \...\ \^..\^.../C\....^\....Lz.. 


n. a 


5..~ 


w^ 6\ £3 ^X^X^Zk.. 

^ k==* Lb- ^ZF^-C- <^^....^^c^ 


ij< *<x 


zzz. 


Shorthand — 2 


^d 3- 


12  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

First-Place  Vowels 

51.  The  long  sound  of  e  is  represented  by  a  heavy  dot  in  the  first 
position;  as  in  see,  key,  keep.     Line  1. 

52.  The  broad  sound  of  a  is  represented  by  a  heavy  dash  in  the 
first  position;  as  in  saw,  thaw,  law.     Line  2. 

•  53.     The  short  sound  of  i  is  represented  b}-  a  light  dot  in  the  first 
position;  as  in  tick,  lick,  chip.     Line  3. 

54.  The  short  sound  of  o  is  represented  by  a  light  dash  in  the 
first  position;  as  in  odd,  knock,  top.     Line  4-. 

55.  A  first-place  vowel,  long  or  short,  occurring  between  two 
stems  is  placed  after  the  first  stem.     Lines  1-6. 

56.  Outlines  containing  a  first-place  vowel  are  written  in  the  first 
position  ;  that  is,  vertical  and  slanting  stems  are  placed  half  their 
length  above  the  line,  and  horizontal  stems  a  full  space  above  the 
line.  If  there  be  two  downward  stems,  the  second  extends  half  its 
length  through  the  line. 

Third-Place  Vowels 

57.  The  sound  of  a  in  far  is  represented  by  a  heavy  dot  in  the 
third  position  as  in  pa,  palm,  laugh.     Line  7. 

58.  The  sound  of  oo  in  food  is  represented  by  a  heavy  dash  in  the 
third  position;  as  in  coo,  coop,  boom.     Line  8. 

59.  The  short  sound  of  a  is  represented  b}-  a  light  dot  in  the  third 
position;  as  in  add,  hack,  cab.     Line  9. 

60.  The  short  sound  of  oo  is  represented  by  a  light  dash  in  the 
third  position;  as  in  book,  took,  cook.     Line  10. 

61.  All  third-place  vowels,  long  or  short,  occurring  between  two 
stems  are  placed  before  the  second  stem.     Lines  7-10. 

62.  Outlines  containing  a  third-place  vowel  are  written  in  the 
third  position;  that  is,  vertical  and  slanting  stems  extend  half  their 
length  through  the  line,  while  horizontal  stems  are  placed  close 
under  the  line. 

63.  When  a  word  contains  more  than  one  vowel  its  position  is 
generally  determined  lry  the  accented  or  principal  vowel.     Line  11. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


13 


READING    EXERCISE 


r r C.J.2 in l^S C-  j<\ \ 


^ o m; i^=« 

1 ^x ^.^4> ~^ <&$£* 

q  <r\  n  *~t  S=/C '£.....3  f  &  <fl  i 

v-V^ ^W? ^ i^-p^ a* 

-i =VW ^ ^ b? i^^J ^1- 

^ ^ A 

' zr$ yy* 


y. 


" /. 


V= -^ 


14  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Review  of  Long  Yoewls 


ee 

a 

ah 

aw 

6 

oo 

We 

way 

bar 

all 

old 

food 

64.  The  six  long  vowels,  as  shown  above,  are  represented  by  a 
heavy  dot  and  a  heavy  dash  at  the  beginning,  middle  or  end  of  a 
consonant  stem. 

65.  These  signs  should  be  so  thoroughly  learned  that  the  proper 
sign  can  be  instantly  written  when  the  corresponding  sound  is  pro- 
nounced.    Lines  1-5. 

66.  The  vowel  places  are  counted  from  the  beginning  of  the  stem; 
hence  an  upward  stroke  takes  a  first-place  vowel  at  the  bottom,  and 
a  third-place  vowel  at  the  top.  See  law,  low,  loo,  shaw,  show,  shoe. 
Line  1. 

67.  The  heavy  second-place  dot  is  used  in  such  words  as  air,  dare, 
although  it  does  not  represent  the  exact  sound.    Line  6. 

68.  In  words  of  two  or  more  sj-llables  the  accented  vowel  gen- 
erally determines  the  position  of  the  outline.  In  such  words  the  un- 
accented vowels  may  generally  be  omitted,  especially  when  words 
occur  in  sentences.    Lines  7-8. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


15 


READING   EXERCISE 


■ £^ J'^ i - - ^^ Ar 

'-4 4 ^ Vv^r?-^ ^ ^p? 

I  <T?NrrTTTTT: ...^     .C77> £•>•• /.....: j/\ 

*JZ.J!^. 6.S^.J' 6. fcZ. yZCl ^L^XsL J......JrC. 

•\ \ y^ ^ s^=^- ^u 

.  3. L L" UQ 4--A XfX^i "X 

JyXs l^ b^t^-rL ^£^x^2$. fTX 

JJc-A^ca lv^> fe^lfc: i ISiJs.J^lS* 


16  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Review  of  Short  Vowels 


i  e  a  o  u  65 

It       fell       flat         on      pup's     foot 

69.  The  six  short  vowels,  as  shown  above,  are  represented  by  a 
light  dot  and  a  light  dash  placed  at  the  beginning,  middle,  or  end  of 
a  consonant  stem.    Lines  1— i. 

70.  When  a  vowel  occurs  between  two  stems,  observe  the  follow- 
ing rules: 

(a)  First-place  vowels,  long  or  short,  are  placed  after  the 

first  stem.      Third-place  vowels,  long  or  short,  are 
placed  before  the  second  stem.    Line  5. 

(b)  Second-place  long  vowels  are  placed  after  the  first  stem. 

Second-place    short   vowels   are    placed    before   the 
second  stem.    Line  6. 

71.  Some  of  the  vowels  are  not  easily  distinguished  b3r  the  be- 
ginner. The  heavy  third-place  dot  and  the  light  first-place  dash  are 
often  confused.  Note  that  the  former  represents  one  of  the  sounds 
of  a,  and  the  latter  the  short  sound  of  o.    Line  7. 

72.  In  words  like  earl,  fir,  myrrh,  lurk,  either  the  light  second- 
place  dot  or  dash  may  be  used.     Line  9. 

73.  Outlines  consisting  of  three  or  more  stems  are  frequently 
written  on  the  line  regardless  of  the  vowel.     Lines  10-12. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


17 


READING   EXERCISE 


.L. L, .£, £=CI..s^b _. L. L. b.....L L,. 

^ t=, =*, =^ ^ y 2 =7. 2^z x. 

4 <■ > y-~v* ^.^^-^ £ 

«!•  "  •/     I" 


L. 


-fca- 


_^. 


■A-1 


W^ ^ 


t 


eV 


~x> v^ \^ ^ 2 l# ^vz: 


/Tl 


2z:.,.V^-. I^A^ Idr. 


18  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

The  Diphthongs 


01  ou  u 

toil         out      tube 


74.  The  four  diphthongs  are  represented  by  complex  signs,  as 
here  shown.  /  and  Oi  are  written  in  the  first  position,  Ou  and  V  in 
the  third. 

75.  While  I  is  considered  a  first-place  vowel  it  may  when  occur- 
ring between  stems  be  placed  in  the  second  or  third  position,  since 
there  is  no  other  sign  like  it. 

76.  When  I  begins  a  word  it  is  frequently  joined  to  the  following 
stem.  In  such  cases  the  outline  may  stand  in  the  second  position, 
since  the  diphthong  is  not  omitted.  Oi  may  also  be  joined  in  the 
word  oil  and  its  derivatives.     Line  6. 

77.  If  two  vowels  precede  or  follow  a  consonant,  write  that 
vowel  nearest  the  stem  which  is  to  be  read  next  to  it.     Line  7. 

78.  If  two  vowels  occur  between  two  consonant  stems,  the  first 
vowel  is  placed  after  the  first  stem  and  the  second  vowel  before  the 
second  stem.     Line  8. 

79.  When  an  obscure  vowel  sound  follows  a  diphthong  it  is  indi- 
cated by  a  short  tick  attached  to  the  diphthong  sign,  as  in  Dewey, 
Dowie,  Louis,  Messiah.    Line  9. 

Shading  M  to  add  P  or  B 

80.  The  stem  M  is  shaded  to  indicate  a  following  p  or  b.  It  is 
named  Emp.     Lines  11-12. 

81.  Emp  cannot  be  used  when  a  vowel  intervenes,  as  in  mop,  mob; 
nor  is  it  used  when  b  is  silent,  as  in  thumb,  lamb.     Lines  13-14. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


19 


READING   EXERCISE 


s~ 


j^. \j; u £k£S 3: t 4. 2± vjl. 

..S  /*...$  v-  ^  -  r  t.^'X^.  *3 

-= w-\ =a» W-a> 9 9 A-A^j z^ 

j 2 3 5 1 1 :l i^ji 

,1. K ^ 4,.v- 2i. rl -^ "r=.::k 

.-^x^ £* s£ ^ ^^ D^jL^. 

•fe-k    ^7^ ^ 1-^ J ^:^^'^ 

.^^.....L^...:^.     r^_^  12^ & sd. 


'd. ± ^..n 


+....lrr~x Li-*. 


-^ 


20  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Upstroke  R 

82.  To  secure  facile  outlines  for  main-  words,  and  also  as  an  aid 
to  the  omission  of  vowels,  an  additional  stem  is  provided  for  r. 
It  is  written  upward,  and  is  named  Ray  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
downward  stem  Ar.     Both  characters  represent  the  same  sound. 

83.  When  standing  alone  Ray  is  distinguished  from  Chay  by  being 
made  more  slanting.  When  joined  to  other  stems  the  direction  of 
writing  will  readily  distiguish  Ray  from  Chay  regardless  of  slant. 
Line  1. 


Rules  for  the  Use  of  Ra  v  and  ar 

84.  When  r  is  the  first  or  only  stem  in  a  word — 

Use  Ar  if  preceded  by  a  vowel.     Line  2. 
Use  Ray  if  not  preceded  by  a  vowel.     Line  3. 
Except — 

Use  Ray  when  Ar  does  not  join  well.     Line  4. 
Use  Ar  when  followed  by  M  or  Emp.     Line  5. 

85.  When  r  is  the  last  consonant  in  a  word  containing  other 
stems — 

Use  Ray  if  followed  by  a  vowel.     Line  G. 
Use  Ar  if  not  followed  by  a  vowel.     Line  7. 
Except — 

Use  Ray  after  Ray  or  Hay.    Lines  8—9. 

Ray  is  sometimes  used  instead  of  Ar  at  the  end  of  an 

outline  when  it  makes  a  better  joining.     Line  10. 
Derivative  outlines  should  follow  the  primitive  form 

as  far  as  possible.     Line  15. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


21 


READING   EXERCISE 


JUL kUd. \...VJL 


%J^±sAL  A-^...^ LA. \fr--j=z2!L*=& 


z...'\.../> 


•^ 


> 1+ A 


4  ^ 


^X^\ 


<.S*... 


< M-^y^,     . 

>, £2w.:k^...x/3. tcxsuOk 


22  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Rules  for  the  Use  of  El  and  Lay 

Note. — There  is  a  lack  of  uniformity  among  reporters  in  the  use  of  EI 
ami  Lav,  but  the  following  rules  will  be  found  generally  satisfactory. 

86.  When  /  is  the  only  stem  in  an  outline,  use  Lay.    Line  1. 

87.  When  /  begins  a  word,  use  Lay  in  all  cases.     Line  2. 

88.  When  /  is  the  first  stem  in  an  outline  and  is  preceded  by  a 
vowel,  use  El,  provided  it  joins  well  to  the  following  stem.  El  may 
generally  be  used  before  A*,  G,  M,  Mp,  N,  or  Kg.  In  other  cases  Lay 
is  used  whether  preceded  by  a  vowel  or  not.     Lines  3— k 

Note — EI  at  the  beginning  of  an  outline  always  indicates  that  the  word 
begins  with  B  vowel ;  but  Lay  does  not  always  indicate  the  absence  of  an 
initial  vowel.     Compare  lines  1— 4-. 

89.  When  /  is  the  last  consonant  in  an  outline  containing  other 
stems,  Lay  is  generally  used  if  there  be  a  final  vowel  and  El  if  there 
be  no  final  vowel.  This  rule  applies  only  to  outlines  in  which  either 
stem  can  be  joined  with  equal  facility.     Lines  5-7. 

90.  When  final  /  is  preceded  by  two  vowels,  El  is  generally  used. 
Line  9. 

91.  In  the  midst  of  an  outline,  use  El  or  Lay,  according  to  con- 
venience.    Lines  10—11. 

Rules  for  the  Use  of  Ish  and  Shay 

92.  When  sh  is  the  only  stem  in  a  word,  use  Ish.  In  all  other 
cases  use  Ish  or  Shay,  according  to  convenience.     Line  12. 

93.  When  /  and  sh  come  together,  write  both  upward.     Line  14. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


23 


READING  EXKRCISE 


= £^ £sJl duCL^L^h 


>£. 


:£Z 


J^U 


.^-/.4W 


,^....^...^....^ ^ scj^t sjr^c ^£ 

4 } ^ ^ £ } ^ * 2L 

£     l£Lfe2= tJtiJkJL 


,lzi LA %j±LS^: \r~  v\-\>7 jgy.M, 

m  i=£Zjajki szx....^.: k/z...^ ^. 

^-^ ^ C^ Ati 2 ^^ 


-^ O ^ 


24 


Elements  of  Phonetfc  Shorthand 


PROPER  NAMES 


, x x, \ sj. (.. t fcd :i: 1 1 LA v^SlX. 

,.A T....± £_£ £JL -tLji v^.....^....^....^.. 

-- ±JfL£ }. ys^ yU. b£ t 

6-^' ^ -JL^-JL—^ • L.^J......^/... rTri..&£7 

.^..^ l, >. £ £ CLQ l....^....^. 

A; > - .) h -j^sc 

:..^Z: rr \^;A/z...u/....\ \zz ^ 


y 


cuO feo l^ ^ 22 U?. ^ r^....^ 

■^l^jjL. Jci-£=u^ ^...^.ma^ 

JV^T?. i-r> &^JL LZ.-4^ '^ZL^Xv^dL- 


j£Tfc =^L L^ CT^^.0^...1Z±^z & fcfc 

..Zv* t^ nzx !fc£ <p 2>,..../q^....^rv ZIJL^A. 

•^fe^ v* == zt^X&t Z^JZ^..*22Ik*^s — , 


CHAPTER  H-Simple  Word-Signs 


26  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Word-Signs 

94.  By  word-sign  is  meant  the  use  of  a  part  of  a  shorthand  form 
to  express  an  entire  word;  or  a  single  stem  outline  unvocalized, 
written  out  of  its  natural  position.  The  words  so  represented  are 
those  of  such  frequent  occurrence  in  ordinal'  speech  that  it  is  neither 
necessary  nor  desirable  to  write  them  in  full. 

95.  The  word-signs  are  a  very  important  part  of  the  system  and 
should  be  thoroughly  memorized 

96.  Some  of  the  word-signs  represent  more  than  one  word;  but  in 
such  cases  the  words  are  so  selected  as  not  to  conflict  in  use,  the 
context  being  relied  upon  to  determine  which  word  is  to  be  read  in  a 
sentence. 

97.  The  Iryphen  indicates  that  the  primitive  word  and  also  the 
derivatives  formed  by  the  letters  following  the  hyphen  are  repre- 
sented by  the  same  sign.  Words  printed  in  italic  have  the  same  sign 
as  the  preceding  word. 

98.  The  dash  word-signs  are  named  according  to  the  stems  they 
resemble,  while  the  positions  they  occupy  are  indicated  by  figures. 
Thus  B-tick1  represents  the  word  all;  D-tick1,  awe,  awed,  or 
already ;  J-tick2,  who,  etc. 

99.  In  the  following  and  subsequent  lists,  simple  phrase  signs  are 
introduced.  The  use  of  these  adds  both  to  speed  and  legibilit}-. 
These  signs  should  always  be  emplo3'ed  whenever  the  given  combi- 
nation of  words  occurs. 

Punctiatox  Marks 


?  — 


100.     The  comma,  semicolon,  quotation   marks,  and  other  points 
are  written  as  in  longhand. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  27 

Long  Vowel  Word-Signs 


• 

The 

a 
an 

ah 

and 

and-the 

•x 

i 

/ 

N 

i               / 

All       already  ought    two      owe-d      who 
awe-d    aught     too  oh 

* i^-fc^ "W ^Zh-^JWp ^vsr*' 

<• h..i! • $_ t_..: fn«_f_«^ : x^ :.... 

y* (• ' s^ : 2L* (• av^ £ i » I*- 

1 1 : > ^..; ^ ll^.^Oi 

: nz ^=s ! : rs * / I. ' ^d !! ' k*S 

(■  ^.: nx. A k_ : ^ £^„ • ^ «. 

2* ^ t-^ : } * ^.,± ^ .><'. 

..—  ...• S. a .£jp .-<nr>. NL™.*..#. /^Js*. x ___^, <rr>.. 

I  -  • 

fc— ..." Ir - <sv_ .. =*== x £„ ^x>. ,E=_.v/5i. 

il*»  b-L^ - A. " £tl  =!=..* >' "  .."S  1 


SHORTHAND 3 


28 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Short  Vowel  Word-Signs  and  Phrases 


/ 

of 

to 
>> 

on 
>- 

should 

4 

he 

him 
-4 

how 

of-the  to-the  on-the    should-the  he-should 

The  signs  for  on  and  should  are  always  written  upward.     All  other 
dash  word-signs  are  made  downward. 


I_ 


IX      ^       [•_     •      \_ 

L..DL1 <1. ^~* ) 

I '   t^ 3--->  '  A 

*    hr  I     ^  A  -V-2V1. 1 14 

/  1. 

==-* /3 - >- 


> \ lK^A 

h » 'JL L^i 


*> 


...x £ :.:/. Xj> > 


,< 


'  -,t  ■  • ^ 


c -^~<"i'-^. 

......    / N U ....> >rrr>-r->' ...X. 

^* t < L-; 

./£„J l^jdL*. 

.-7  ....:  jL  \  i  L  JrliX  ,-^ ... .* k ll 'jjdLL 

XJL^uu 121...* 


?  A  '   \>  --^ 


^r>..  ..x. 


x    / 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


29 


Diphthong  Word-Signs 


you         now         new 
knew 


S.  -i-  •  x 


>£. 


(• )• \  ^  _  S. i. AJa£.  ^i:JZ±*A. 

~  ~r  ■  $,  ;k • )' ,  .^ , i ,  ( b...^  d 


<l..-^( :..^i..x : o j •_ t 


A 


: ^>: 


\ 


nr       •- 


•b "     > 

v., 2... 


^ - /^/  ■•■  ^-< 

t^-^ < \>±J*JL 

ST^I V...^,., % .^ 


Li^T v.Z>. ~i:^^.i^.\:. f.\_^. 

■^ ---h^ '• - ^LiiJI ^ fL±y 

1  ^ C lJ= ")...., ■;.  =1  -A £^> 3f >.. 

• .</--> ^^-.^-xl^: ^ L^j ^ 


30 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Straight  Stem  Word-Signs 


,\  \    v\    \ 


V 


\  ' I 

— L 


I Lm 


/  ■■■'  ■■■/■ 


\, 


\.      .     *N 


/ 

1.  Possible-y,  up,  hope,  part}-,  happy,  by,  buy,  be,  but,  to-be,  it,  at,  out, 
dollar-s,  do,  had,  each,  -which,  much,  advantage,  large. 

2.  Can,  accompany,  come,  company,  could,  account,  give-n,  gave,  together. 
go,  ago,  do-you,  had-you,  by-you,  but-you,  how-much,  ought-to-be. 


J a*JsJ^ ....x. 


X 


^ 


v^ i s^... x i. N i Ncr/i- i...^:....>..N. 

: r£ t^l > go* k h . t\.: 

/... I N Um * \~j >y. J 

i....^..\ , / v^ : 


,.*~7 Ui ^/ 


X 


/ 


..\....:. 


M ^ 


^1 


V br 


..^.. 


V 


)'  < 


/<!  - 


* 


j<£j**c* : ^...^i ... 


.\^i: : )l=> * (- h : 

Z. =....^ L^...: QLl 


r 


.'.. \^/...X O....X 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


31 


..S  A.. 


\= 


Curved  Stem  Word-Signs 

S ^ ( ( i { ) 


'   > '  >) 


,1 /    / 1 2 ^ L L_i. L 


£-4 


1.  If,  for,  few,  after,  ever-y,  have,  however,  think,  thank,  thousand,  they, 
them,  though,  see,  saw,  say,  so,  use,  ease-y,  was,  use. 

2.  She,  wish,  shall,  show,  issue,  usual-ly,  unusual-ly,  if-you,  for-you,  after- 
you,  have-you,  think-you,  thank-you,  it-was. 


V^ 


.\...S. A 


JUL 


v 


, I !*JU ( ^ <;..., ^ ,..S£...^ ,....k...^....r7 

w»....srs<3.y. L. v...^....v.....^t-»..A...:^v.— ..r~r 

^ i.„v..^:..* ( hl.x ,....j ,  .^...x_..S..2zt...,..r 

w,  j  J.... .(:,..( .(...>  c  ^ I s o.Zk..a..^..(...v....l 

/. V *...i  AL...I. .. )  • ^,.,....( L..s^j....N.c:^i 

jfcr-ji 51-Sj ^=.....s ^.....j:, %^*=±JTJZLL 

./^....,.  /-—...  sr\., s^ l^±tl: i*£L 


<=■— a •.^v>./,.^._..<:<: 

* £> t :.y...:...\/-..,..._^j...v^y... 


32  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


^ 2 =v 


^    *    f-C 


Irregvlar  Stem  Word-Signs 

1.  Will,  allow,  order,  our,  hour,  my,  time, may,  me,  am,  whom,  in,  any, 
no,  know,  own,  thing,  long,  along. 

2.  Why.  way,   away,  await,  year,  your,  important-ance,  may-be,  or.  are, 
recollect,  regard,  high,  here,  hear,  half,  I-am. 

: ^y^ « v ¥~U :>...>.-^..,^.._. 

.(....X....X   ..  X ......X    • ^JL V  ...X..K  .^  ...  S«  \ ....'  ...'.""..   ~Y  ..V  ...<^V^J.. ...  A 

<-v/s^" '^-- <w~k~> <~-  v 


"> 


r  i 


,i....c _.^..).^^.^...:.'./:.i...(....( L.Z1.N,  c    i 

j...i>^...l.V2.  >. :  /> .  _  •  •  L,  4_. .1..%^.  ( ! j£ 

l/C.^..,,..., s I " £ji v..^.' X  '  XX  '    \  .,  ^. 

^^/ir_^.^ ,4i^...x....a,  ' 

SO:..>...^...--/vy. ii_-x_\.   S  :ru— 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  33 

Notes  on  Word-Signs 

(a)  The  list  on  the  following  page  comprises  all  the  word-signs 
previously  given.  These  signs  are  very  important,  as  they  represent 
the  most  frequently  recurring  words  in  common  use.  They  should  be 
studied  and  practiced  until  they  can  be  accurately  written  as  rapidly 
as  the  words  are  pronounced. 

(b)  Word-signs  are  of  two  kinds :  (1)  Unvocalized  outlines 
placed  out  of  the  natural  position ;  as  be,  it,  at,  which,  much,  go, 
etc.     (2)     Abbreviated  outlines,  as  party,  dollar,  advantage,  etc. 

(c)  Many  word-signs  of  frequent  occurrence  are  placed  in  the 
second  position  regardless  of  the  vowel  sound  ;  as  it,  at,  do,  have, 
which,  etc.  Others  having  second-place  vowels  are  put  in  the  first  or 
third  position  to  avoid  clashing  with  similar  forms  in  the  second 
position ;  as  ever,  much,  go,  etc. 

(d)  It  will  be  noticed  that  some  words  are  included  in  the  lists 
which  are  simply  the  unvocalized  outlines  ;  as  up,  by,  out,  etc.  Strict- 
ly speaking  these  are  not  word-signs,  but  owing  to  their  frequent 
occurrence  the3"  are  placed  in  the  lists  to  be  memorized. 

(e)  Me  may  be  written  in  either  first  or  second  position. 

(f)  Time  is  sometimes  written  with  the  full  outline  in  order  to 
secure  greater  ease  in  reading. 


3£ 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Review  of  Simple  Word-Signs 


a 

dollar-s 

know 

so 

accompany 

each 

large 

thank 

account 

ever-y 

long 

the 

advantage 

few 

may 

they 

after 

for 

may- be 

them 

ago 

gave 

me 

think 

ah 

give-n 

much 

thing 

all 

go 

my 

though 

already 

had 

new 

thousand 

allow 

happy 

no 

time 

along 

half  " 

now 

to 

am 

have 

ought 

too 

an 

he 

of 

two 

and 

hear 

oh 

together 

any 

here 

on 

up 

are 

him 

or 

use  (n.) 

at 

high 

order 

use  (v.) 

aught 

hour 

our 

usual-ly 

away 

how 

out 

was 

await 

however 

owe 

way 

awe 

hope 

own 

will 

be 

I 

party 

wish 

but 

it 

possible-y 

which 

buy — by 

if 

recollect 

why 

can 

issue 

regard 

who 

come 

in 

see 

whom 

company 

important 

shall 

year 

could 

importance 

should 

you 

do 

knew 

show 

your 

CHAPTER  III    Phrasing 


36  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Phrasing 

101.  A  proper  use  of  phrasing  adds  both  to  speed  and  legibility. 
The  phrase  forms  soon  become  familiar  to  the  hand  and  eye,  and  en- 
able the  writer  to  give  more  attention  to  the  less  familiar  outlines. 

102.  Phrases  are  of  three  kinds — Simple,  Complex,  and  Irregular. 
Simple  phrases  consist  of  word-signs  or  word-forms  joined  together 
in  regular  order  without  change  of  outline.  Complex  phrases  are 
formed  by  the  application  of  the  various  abbreviating  principles,  as 
the  circles,  hooks,  etc.  Irregular  phrases  are  used  for  the  representa- 
tion of  such  frequent  and  rapidly-spoken  expressions  as  in-order-to, 
in-regard-to,  more-or-less,  etc. 

103.  In  some  cases  it  is  desirable  to  write  afull  outline  for  a  word 
usually  represented  by  a  word-sign  in  order  to  secure  legible  and 
facile  joinings;  as  time  in  such  phrases  as  pastime,  time-server: 
much  in  too-much,  so-much,  etc. 

104.  When  words  are  omitted  in  phrasing  they  should  be  such  as 
must  necessarily  be  supplied  in  reading;  as,  in-regard-(to)-this,  one- 
(or)-two,  more-(or)-Iess,  where-(do-vou) -reside. 

105.  All  the  phrase  forms  given  in  this  book  require  special  stud\- 
and  practice.  They  should  be  copied  until  they  become  as  familiar 
as  the  word-signs  and  then  written  many  times  from  dictation. 

106.  The  student  should  not  attempt  to  improvise  phrases  until  he 
has  completed  the  text-book  and  has  had  some  experience  in  writing 
miscellaneous  matter.  He  will  then  learn  by  experience  what  combi- 
nations are  safe  to  use.  The  extent  to  which  phrasing  may  be  used 
depends  largely  upon  the  st\de  of  matter  to  be  written.  Simple  busi- 
ness letters,  court  testimony  and  other  familiar  language  may  be 
phrased  almost  indefinitely,  while  important  legal  documents,  scien- 
tific lectures  and  technical  matter  require  to  be  more  fully  written. 

107.  The  following  rules  are  of  general  application  : 

(a)  Join  only  such  words  as  naturally  belong  together  in  a  phrase 
or  clause. 

(b)  Join  only  such  words  as  unite  easily  and  form  distinct  and 
legible  outlines. 

(c)  Do  not  phrase  words  between  which  a  pause  occurs. 

(d)  As  a  rule  a  phrase  should  not  contain  more  than  three  or  four 
words. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  37 

Simple  Phrases 

108.  In  the  following  phrases  the  first  word  takes  its  own  position 
and  the  others  follow  without  lifting  the  pen. 

,  > ^ \ V^. v- \  ...X X....\^.>^...\/...U....LXLV 

iJL \£ \C\ VX. U L* U^.  ....[^....L^..LAS„...1...J....L 

3...L  I //L,....^  £Jl, 

,..Z] IL.ZI Z\,...ZS^....j[ IL-* 

-Vh > >> > y^ * ^ ^ f $ fc 

.  (    (  \  ( .:  k (- (^....(z...^...^...^ w^^- 

7...LZ...LA LA.../A /\...^.  .V...rt T....ZZ ^. 

8...ir->^^' ... .}—. J L™ L^    ,<T>r-y. rr^W^...<T^^: <^T>~~f. 

1.  By  which,  by  them,  by  your,  by  our,  by  me,  but  which,  but  they,  but 
your,  but  our,  but  will,  but  are,  it  can,  it  can  be,  it  can  have. 

2.  It  was,  it  will,  it  will  be,  it  will  have,  it  may,  it  may  be,  it  may  have,  it 
shall,  it  shall  be,  it  shall  have,  at  which,  at  your,  at  them. 

3.  Do  so,  do  they,  which  was,  which  they,  which  can,  which  can  be,  which 
can  have,  which  are,  which  will,  which  will  be,  which  will  have,  which  shall, 
which  shall  be,  which  shall  have. 

4.  Can  it,  can  it  be,  can  do,  can  be,  can  have,  can  they,  could  it,  could  do, 
could  be,  could  have,  could  they,  give  them,  gave  them. 

5.  If  they,  for  them,  for  which,  for  your,  after  which,  after  they,  every 
time,  every  day,  every  year,  have  they,  have  had,  think  they,  think  so,  they 
say. 

6.  They  will,  they  will  be,  they  will  have,  they  may,  they  may  be,  they 
are,  so  long,  so  far,  was  she,  she  was,  shall  do,  shall  be,  shall  have. 

7.  They  shall,  they  shall  be,  they  shall  have,  will  be,  will  have,  may  have, 
in  which,  in  them,  in  your,  in  my,  know  them. 

8.  So  many, -8s- much,  take  them,  take  up,  make  them,  make  up,  among 
them,  among  which. 

Note. —  Can  is  joined  to  both  preceding  and  following  stems.    Could 
is  joined  to  following  but  not  to  preceding  stems. 

448577 


38  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Phrasing  Yol 

109.     You  may  be  joined  to  both  preceding  and  following  stems. 
It  is  sometimes  inverted  in  order  to  make  a  better  joining. 

!.../*._     it/... r>^...\,....iCy\..V~ Crr7~^, rVTr-V.-.O^-^-v A^tt7tt....<Vt^...,(Vw—  .n-™^. 

3..MC IVV. (VL. «VN-rr* fl. ft. IX rO....-fV YV....\r>/„.....\-/l... 

3....\> v...\/..vv:....\^...vi k j. / U.m:j/s^ 


1.  You  are,  you  will,  you  will  be,  you  will  have,  you  may,  you  may  be, 
you  may  have,  you  can,  you  can  do,  you  can  be,  you  can  have. 

2.  You  should,  you  should  be,  you  should  have,  you  should  know,  you 
have,  you  have  no,  you  have  had,  and  you,  and  you  should,  of  you,  to  you, 
hope  you  are,  hope  you  will. 

3.  By  you,  but  you,  but  you  are,  but  you  will,  but  you  may,  but  you  may 
be,  do  you,  had  you,  which  you,  which  you  are,  which  you  will,  which  you 
will  have. 

+.  If  you,  if  you  are,  if  you  will,  if  you  will  be,  if  you  will  have,  for  you, 
for  you  are,  for  you  will,  for  you  will  be,  for  you  will  have,  can  you. 

(I.  Can  you  be,  can  you  have,  could  you,  could  you  be,  could  you  have, 
are  you,  will  you,  will  you  be,  will  you  have,  in  you,  on  you,  should  you. 


Elements  01  Phonetic  Shorthand  39 

Phrasing  the  Tick  Word-Signs 

110.     The  Tick  word-signs,  with  the  exception  of  a,  an,  and,  I,  and 
he,  take  their  own  position  at  the  beginning  of  phrases. 

..Li/  ki l N..Z rzi^  ^  i 

•wi t t v^A^-^ ^x^o^r 

.A...vZ^....vd,...^..v/k.vA 


1.  Of  my,  of  me,  of  many,  of  which,  of  which  you  are,  of  which  you  will,  of 
them,  of  your,  of  our,  of  advantage,  all  my,  all  are,  all  will,  all  they. 

2.  Too  many,  too  much,  who  are,  who  will,  who  will  be,  who  may,  who 
may  be,  who  was,  who  should,  who  should  be,  who  should  have,  on  it,  on 
which,  on  your,  on  them. 

3.  On  account,  should  be,  should  have,  should  do,  should  think,  should 
they,  it  should  be,  it  should  have,  which  should  be,  which  should  have,  who 
can,  who  can  be,  who  can  have,  who  can  do,  who  can  think. 

4.  To  come,  to  me,  to  make,  to  move,  to  love,  to  repay,  to  review,  to  re- 
vive, to  redeem,  to  reveal. 

5.  To  it,  to  do,  to  think,  to  them,  to  say,  to  see,  to  pay,  to  buy,  to  which, 
to  which  you  will,  to  have,  to  our,  to  show,  to  your,  to  take,  to  become. 

6.  How  few,  how  far,  how  long,  how  much,  how  do  you,  how  the,  how 
you,  how  was,  how  many,  how  are  you,  anyhow,  nohow,  however. 

Note. — To  is  generally  omitted  when  it  is  followed  by  a  downward 
full-length  stem.     Line  5. 


40  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Phrasing  .4,  As,  Asd 

111.  A,  an,  and  are  expressed  by  k-tick  joined  to  any  following 
stem  with  which  it  makes  a  good  angle.  Before  K,  G,  R,  and  W, 
t-tick  is  used.  These  words  are  not  joined  to  preceding  stems.  The 
tick  takes  the  position  of  the  outline  to  which  it  is  joined.     Lines  1-3- 

■1-1 J 1 L+ /-...,. V^^V ;V(     {{    (. 


.1 -yV^ ^ ^ ...">. !X.  a^s,  1_£ 


1.  A  dollar,  and  do,  and  had,  and  it,  and  which,  and  much,  an  advantage, 
a  large,  and  if,  [and  for,  and  after,  and  have,  and  however,  and  think,  a 
thousand,  and  they,  and  though. 

2.  And  will,  and  my,  and  may,  and  in,  and  know,  a  thing,  a  long,  a  year, 
and  your,  and  can,  and  come,  and  company,  an  account,  and  give. 

3.  And  gave,  and  go,  an  order,  an  hour,  an  early,  and  why,  a  way,  and 
await,  and  by,  and  be,  and  to  be,  and  hope,  and  take,  and  feel. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  41 


Phrasing  The,  and  He 

112.  The  is  expressed  by  a  ray-tick  or  chay-tick  joined  to  a  pre- 
ceding stem,  using  the  tick  which  makes  the  better  angle.  Lines 
4-5. 

113.  He  is  joined  to  any  following  stem  with  which  it  makes  a 
good  angle.  It  takes  the  position  of  the  outline  to  which  it  is  joined. 
Line  6. 

114.  He  is  joined  to  any  preceding  stem,  using  either  chay-tick  or 
ray-tick  according  to  convenience.    Line  7. 


4-.  At  the,  do  the,  had  the,  which  the,  was  the,  use  the,  shall  the,  will  the, 
allow  the,  why  the,  way  the,  await  the,  may  the,  may  be  the,  order  the,  see 
the. 

5.  Pay  the,  buy  the,  but  the,  can  the,  could  the,  give  the,  gave  the,  if  the, 
for  the,  after  the,  have  the,  think  the,  thank  the,  though  the,  in  the,  in  the 
way. 

6.  He  can,  he  could,  he  gave,  he  was,  he  will,  he  will  be,  he  will  have,  he 
may,  he  may  be,  he  should,  he  should  be,  he  should  have,  he  should  think,  he 
should  know. 

7.  But  he,  can  he,  could  he,  if  he,  for  he,  after  he,  think  he,  though  he,  or 
the,  are  the,  recollect  the,  regard  the,  was  he,  shall  he,  may  he,  if  he  was, 
for  he  was,  think  he  was,  but  he  was. 

Note. — The  is  never  joined  at  the  beginning  of  a  phrase. 


42  Elements  oi  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Phrasing  / 

115.  /is  expressed  by  joining  either  half  of  its  sign  to  a  following 
stem,  using  p-tick  or  ray-tick  according  to  convenience.  When  fol- 
lowed by  A',  P,  or  A*,  the  full  form  of  the  diphthong  is  preferable.  I 
takes  the  first  position  execept  in  a  very  few  cases.     Lines  1—4. 

116.  A  word-sign  in  the  first  position  may  be  slightly  raised  or 
lowered  to  show  the  position  of  the  following  outline.     Line  5. 


rirxa !ZL_n .\:\z. 

v —   sr^x  v^n  v^i    v-y 

W    V-^  ~ t_..l.,\....v v I l/.KJJ\ 

.* A^r> £ZZ& I^-L t£l\ / L.JL 

2L2 ^ 7...Z.../ I.L4. 1 \ Lf L^ZJZ< 


1.  I  can,  I  can  be,  I  can  do,  I  can  have,  I  can  think,  I  could,  I  could  be,  I 
could  do,  I  could  have,  I  could  think,  I  hope,  I  hope  you  are. 

2.  I  hope  you  will,  I  hope  you  can,  I  hope  you  may,  I  know,  I  take,  I  do. 
I  have,  I  have  your,  I  have  had,  I  think,  I  think  you  are.  I  think  you  will,  I 
think  you  will  be. 

3.  I  fear,  I  fear  you  are,  I  fear  you  will  be,  I  say.  I  see,  I  was,  I  wish,  1 
shall,  I  shall  be,  I  shall  have,  I  have  no,  I  paid,  I  think  so,  I  feel. 

4.  I  can,  he  can,  I  may,  he  may,  I  may  be,  he  may  be,  I  will,  he  will,  I  will 
be,  he  will  be,  I  was,  he  was,  who  was,  how  was. 

5.  In  each,  in  which,  in  much,  on  each,  on  which,  on  much,  of  each,  ot 
which,  of  much,  I  do,  I  had,  I  think,  I  thank.  I  take,  I  took.  I  wish,  I  shall, 
in  everv. 


CHAPTER  IV-Circles  and  Loops 


SHORTHANC — 4- 


44  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

The  Small  Circle 

117.  The  sound  of  s  occurs  so  frequently  that  it  is  found  convenient 
to  represent  it  by  a  small  circle  in  addition  to  the  alphabetic  form  pre- 
viously given.  The  circle  is  named  7ss  to  distinguish  it  from  the  stem 
Es.     It  is  never  used  alone  except  as  a  word-sign. 

118.  Iss  may  also  represent  the  sound  of  z  in  the  midst  or  at  the 
end  of  an  outline,  but  not  at  the  beginning. 

119.  When  the  circle  is  joined  to  a  straight  stem  at  either  end, 
or  between  straight  stems  in  the  same  direction,  it  is  turned  on  the 
right  side  of  downward  strokes  and  on  the  upper  side  of  horizontal 
and  upward  strokes.  In  other  words,  it  is  turned  in  the  direction  of 
the  letter  o  in  longhand.     Line  1. 

120.  Between  straight  stems  forming  an  angle  the  circle  is  turned 
on  the  outside  of  the  angle.     Line  2. 

121.  When  joined  to  curved  stems  the  circle  is  turned  on  the  inside 
of  the  curve.     Line  3. 

122.  Between  a  straight  and  curved  stem  the  circle  is  turned  on 
the  inside  of  the  curve.     Line  4. 

123.  Between  two  curved  stems  it  is  turned  on  the  inside  of  the 
first,  except  in  a  few  outlines  in  which  it  is  more  convenient  to  turn  it 
on  the  inside  of  the  second  stem.     Line  5. 

124.  The  vowels  are  inserted  in  outlines  containing  circles  the 
same  as  if  the  stems  stood  alone.  The  circle  is  always  read  first 
when  it  begins,  and  last  when  it  ends  an  outline.      Lines  6-13. 

125.  X  is  expressed  in  shorthand  by  ks.     Line  14. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


45 


READING   EXERCISE 


i.A v* [ L L L te =- Z.Z..;^.^^ 

*j= rr. ^.....^...^..^...^.^ x...^z..i i^id 

3 L_ Ssc L V> tf / 2.....o/... <C.....Z^> «0....>»P...'iU'....li.... 

4....rZ>^r.....-rzs>^'.....^ \t^..^>»o /. .V^_3....iSbii...Zr\ ^\.y^Z^.L^. 

^^L^X^^U^^  £L 

•J* ^ ^ E ^....1^ !^....^> £k....^...V^.... 


JL 


^ ZHS. 


cV 


«••■- ^ !=..,.^...il\ -L^..J f ^ ^ 

o...^....^ fc ^ Ufa =3* ^S k* A,™^ 

Jso S^ t! 1? t ^ (£j£Lj£^£Ls£L S£i 

^ M^ ^ f > **= ^ t 

,..^....^^...zr:...k_^.^ b> k?...&, <t^£k 

-^--^.-■^: v/ -■■ 

+....rx 1 2 


br' =f 


,.j^i 


*^: 


■^A^ 


,..^.:^.^....^...^....2...^] ^...2^...^:..^ 


4(3  Element*  ot  Phonetic  Shorthand 

The  Lvrge  Circle 

126.  A  large  circle,  called  Sez,  is  used  to  express  the  syllable  sez, 
or  any  similar  sounds.  It  is  joined  to  the  steins  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  small  circle.     See  paces,  cases.     Line  1. 

127.  Iss  is  added  to  Sez  by  extending  the  circle  through  the  stem  ; 
as,  recesses,  successes.     Line  2. 

128.  Short  e  is  generally  understood  in  these  syllables,  but  other 
sounds  may  be  expressed  by  placing  the  proper  sign  within  the  circle; 
as,  season,  Sussex,  excise,  Caesar,  Cicero.     Line  3. 

129.  Plural  nouns  like  theses,  synopses,  must  be  distinguished 
from  the  singular  by  placing  a  heavy  dot  within  the  circle.     Line  5. 

.  X  >fa *e  .^..± £.../„ ^h %j£j£ JOfe 

c ±..±  •  / ...  I  ,.3sp fk .if..  ^A ?pi i 

5 :>-~--^_v...r^-~^-s>^ 0 .^ w | 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  47. 

The  Use  of  S  and  Z  Stems 

130.  When  s  or  z  is  the  only  consonant  in  a  word,  or  the  first  con- 
sonant and  preceded  by  a  vowel,  the  stem  is  used.     Line  1. 

131.  When  z  is  the  first  consonant  in  a  word,  whether  preceded 
by  a  vowel  or  not,  Z-stem  is  used.     Line  2. 

132.  When  s  or  z  is  the  last  consonant  in  a  word  and  is  followed 
try  a  vowel,  the  stem  is  used.     Line  3. 

133.  Nouns  ending  in  Es  form  the  plural  and  possessive  by  adding 
Iss  to  the  S-stem.     Line  4. 

134.  When  s  or  z  immediately  precedes  or  follows  two  distinct 
vowels,  the  stem  is  used.     Line  5. 

135.  When  one  s  follows  another  in  outlines  containing  no  other 
stem,  either  the  stem  or  circle  may  come  first,  according  to  conven- 
ience, or  to  preserve  analogy  with  a  primitive  outline. 

lAnc  6.  Say,  says,  see,  sees,  seize,  seizes,  cease,  sigh,  sighs,  size,  sizes,  sue, 
sues,  Susa,  Susa's,  saucy. 

■>-3 ?•*,) ^ fc vJ:^ W^ 

.  h-  ^ t. *= L L- i^  ^ ^ £»£ 

^•4 ) zl&^M p^a w- •.^.. 

— W ^ ^ - ^ 4r-4/- 

^ ^4 3> & hi £2 ^ ^U}. 

,)■ ± i Li.2 i >: y.i p. ); 3 .^.i 

i^SJQ. ± k ^-U *= L=L^E *±2i 

a b $,.  t.  =*>:.  -= ZL^Ll^^^SljL 


48  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

The  Loops 

136.  A  small  loop  is  used  for  st,  and  a  large  loop  for  str.  They 
are  named  respectively  Steh  and  Ster. 

137.  Steh  should  be  made  quite  flat  and  about  one-third  the  length 
of  the  stem  to  which  it  is  attached.  Ster  is  made  wider  and  about  one- 
half  the  length  of  the  stem.  Iss  is  added  to  final  Steh  and  Ster  by  ex- 
tending the  loop  through  the  stem.     Lines  1-4. 

138.  The  small  loop  is  used  at  the  end  of  stems  to  express  either  st 
or  zd.  When  following  Ray,  Hay  and  AT,  it  is  shaded  to  express  zd. 
Lines  5-6. 

139.  The  large  loop  is  used  in  certain  cases  to  express  the  syl- 
lables tor  and  ture,  in  such  words  as  pastor,  pasture,  visitor,  ves- 
ture,  impostor,  imposture.     Line  7. 

140.  The  loops  are  joined  to  the  stems  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
circles,  except  that  they  are  never  formed  bjr  the  crossing  of  two  stems. 
Line  8. 

141.  Ster  is  not  used  at  the  beginning  of  an  outline. 

142.  When  t  is  followed  by  a  final  vowel,  or  when  a  vowel  occurs 
between  s  and  t,  T-stem  is  used.     Lines  9-10. 

143.  T  following  s  in  the  midst  of  an  outline  is  sometimes  omitted 
in  order  to  secure  facile  joinings.    Lines  11-12. 

144.  In  a  few  forms  7ss  is  followed  by  Hay,  in  which  case  the 
circle  takes  the  place  of  the  hook  ;  as,  Soho,  Sahib,  Sahara,  business- 
house,  gas-house,  joss-house.     Line  13. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


49 


READING    EXERCISE 


,  x v  N> [•.....£ ^  _-*■ A. d. i^is. <LxJ. 31 

,\\.i f £ Li. r 'i- kJL^z 

3.^ kj, >£..._ ^J:..A....^ ^....u..r^...4.^. 

♦„* m k.±......^....^ %. ^ ^ ^....r^..r^..^.. 

o  >L^ K. ...iX....ZX....l^. >ta I t *aL. 


;  .    f. Jb /&.......,& ^ ^....v-rf ,_._ iZiCJL* 


-7* 


v~ 


> 


X'^. ^  ^ ^-. 


^....L^. 


^: 


A*. 


e^ 


h  4: ^ -f  * ? 3  w- Vr* u 

•  i n....3^y ^.i^4q^ 

i*J£ £\ ^ v£     ^    A? 


50 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


ClBCLH   WORD-SlGKS  AM)  PHRASBS 


p- £ -f         I 


,° o 


9 


p v  >.A* ^ k if U„i G 

ZfL  > W -WS ^wX. /1q u .. 


1.  Is.  his.  as.  /ias,  us,  and  is,  and  as,  is  a,  as  a,  and  is  a,  and  as  a,  is  the, 
is  he,  as  the,  as  he.  he  is,  he  has,  and  is  the.  and  ;s  be,  and  as  the,  ;»»/  aa  he, 
lie  is  the,  he  has  the. 

2.  Is  his,  is  ns,  as  is.  has  as,  of  his,  to  his.  on  his.  should  his.  all  his,  by  his, 
for  his,  know  his,  it  is, gives  his.  takes  his.  which  is,  this  is. 

3.  Us,  of  us,  to  us,  on  us.  give  OS,  gives  us.  by  us,  for  us,  make  us,  makes 
us,  loves  us,  takes  us. 

N'ote. — The  circle  when  attached  to  the  ticks  should  always  turn  in  the 
direction  of  the  longhand  o. 


7 <&     k     ^   *-J    *• 


\. 


-r 


X. tz>/.~x> 


1 


3_l  l£4^/_<    \ 


s^. ^~ L_l x ( L*„./ % .^^.....n/I....^  .  Sl  \  * 

:v....  2r  V "  V^' - —  k  * A  ^  — -^ 

\  ^  v-,  ^. Tij,    c ^ .^ -1 


t=k>- 


Sk -'*/ 


^/ 


^...Z. ^./....\.JZ.v.^........<( »....L* 

car* - W^CW^p 

i—/      /    > ? 


H° 


-ix>     _ 


<c_P    \      &. 


.3. 


..vdL....^  X S-  *3* « L, & Z__  h  !±±vj 

ZTL^  £ .  ( to £^ ..Z £d....^.. M  x..  °  wa  - 

kJ LohjaJL  -hol  d< ...:  ^ x.. 


^ 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


51 


Circle  Word  Signs  and  Phrases 


\ 


.\ ^ X k 


1. L 


U2: < 

1 L L 


«^- 


..I* .6. 


.zjsl C L *. 

JLfl s. k, 


v^D 


t 


1.  Speak,  speech,  spoke,  special-ly,  expect-ed,  business,  subject-ed,  adver- 
tise, advise-ce,  satist'y-ed,  such,  suggest-ed,  because,  signify-ed,  signature, 
these,  this,  those,  thus. 

2.  Several-1  y,  similar-ity,  some,  simple-y,  impossible-ity,  influence,  single-y, 
United  States,  yes,  yes-sir,  no-sir. 

3.  Its,  does,  thinks,  comes,  goes,  recollects,  regards,  owes,  whose,  3'ours, 
signifies,  expects,  advertises,  advises,  influences. 

Note.  —  The  third  person  sigular  of  verbs  and  the  plural  or  possessive  of 
nouns,  are  formed  by  adding  Jss  to  the  word-sign,  or  by  enlarging  a  preced- 
ing circle.      Line  3. 


t* 


tC.i 


A, 


J  ss^  vi'^v  .sJ?.....L...(^....^^ 


^N 


I 


JwJZ3£ 


A 


V- 


,/ 


3 


./!?. 


I -,^vz 


s-v— *^Hi^= 


*  .  k  ./I. .^L/.. 


) 


? 


ja k.„s„.tx 


l^ 


9 *fa &...A.../.  ,..rOLs. 


^ 


52 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Loop  Word-Signs  and  Phrases 


^ 


I    .      > 


/* 


-W *-* 9 ^ fc;  W> > J- V L*-^^ 

J2A (OCt^ cc: 


f* 


1.  Is  it,  first,  as  it,  as  it  is,  is  there,  as  there,  has  there,  as  there  is,  at  first, 
advertised,  advised,  assist-ed-ant-ance,  instant,  next,  stenography-er,  must, 
happiest,  highest. 

2.  Fewest,  largest,  longest,  newest,  advertiser,  adviser,  advisory,  dis- 
charge, disadvantage,  disadvantageous-ly,  satisfactory-]?,  witness,  respeet- 
ed-ful-ly,  sufficient-ly. 

3.  Insurance,  purpose,  always,  wisdom,  something,  Messrs.,  exchange, 
electricity,  San  Francisco,  stenographic,  mistake. 

i ^..^..1...^^. :^..A„, 2L2LJL1  N>  J.^1  A 


!  2\,..j  A 


^ 


0~>. 


^Jt^ 


wa 


A... 


^Vc. 


<W..J8.. 


Elements  ot  Phonetic  Shorthand 


53 


Outlines  for  Special  Study 


1.  Come,  came,  become,  became,  talk,  take,  took,  name,  namely,  many, 
money,  among. 

2.  Make,  manage,  engage,  follow,  ask,  escape,  effect,  form,  belong,  enough, 
nothing. 

3.  Also,  altogether,  although,  anything,  into,  unto,  income,  outcome,  out- 
go, forever,  enlarge,  largely. 

4-.  Hourly,  timely,  yearly,  height,  higher,  highly,  hereat,  hereby,  herein, 
hereafter,  hereinafter,  hereto. 

5.  Behalf,  to-day,  to-morrow,  poor,  pure,  power,  awed,  owed,  hoped, 
wished,  thanked,  longed,  awaited,  accompanied,  accounted,  recollected,  re- 
garded. 

6.  Paid,  allowed,  doing,  having,  taking,  living, enjoying,  convey,  condemn, 
compel,  compare,  congenial. 

Note. — Pure  is  written  with  Ray  to  distinguish  it  from  poor,  which  takes 
Ar.     Power  is  written  with  Ray  because  it  is  more  convenient.     Line  5. 

Some  of  the  word-signs  may  represent  either  the  present  or  the  past  tense 
of  verbs;  as,  awe-d,  owe-d.  In  some  cases  it  may  be  necessary  to  distinguish 
them,  in  which  case  the  Ed-tick  is  used,  as  shown  in  line  5. 

The  syllables  con-  and  -ing  are  generally  expressed  by  a  dot,  as  shown  in 
line  6.  The  dot  for  con  should  be  made  before  writing  the  remainder  of  the 
outline. 


54 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Contractions 


,  1 


!   LUU 


1.  Acknowledge-d.  architect-ure.  assemble-y,  average-d.  become,  behalf, 
benevolent-ce,  ehange-d,  chapter,  deform-ed,  dignity-fy.  efticient-cy-ly,  suffi- 
cient-cy-ly. 

2.  Electric-al.  electricity,  essential-ly.  espeeial-ly,  esquire,  familiar-ity, 
February,  forth,  insure-d,  insurance.  Irregular-ity, inform-ed,  January,  knowl- 
edge. 

3.  Legislate-ure,  length-y.  manufacture-d.  manufacturer,  manufactory, 
memorandum,  memoranda,  mortgage,  neglect-ed. 

-t.  Never,  nevertheless,  notwithstanding,  November,  object-ed,  peeuliar-ity, 
popular-ity,  public-ish,  cpiick-ly,  reform -ed,  regular-ity.  represent-ed,  republic* 
ish,  reverend. 

Note.  —  The  termination  -eel  is  frequently  omitted  from  outlines  of  verbs, 
and  -ly  from  outlines  of  adverbs,  the  context  being  relied  upon  to  show  the 
proper  form  of  the  word  in  reading. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


55 


READING    EXEKCISli 


„^....rs. ..( 2i ztl/.., ^  x^ .:  ...,u..,...:z.  -  ^_r 

is?...* L^foJi^ ,..v^_\-...:j..:.^  "...l^vv^. 


a.......' :J...N^...^*X.^ S 


^ .^ y^rT^...x....fv....^\_. 

^xi£..«....±...Q..li;...a 


)     / 

.^.r:..v^..,.;..^._4: 

:..^t: 2^...cO.:L±....^.ib.x.i)..L.^ 

-.!./. .? LL2Lirb!^_r^^ 

.4..^-^...! L^...^.. ; ....**. ..*.. .. ./::>.  1. ..  ~y^, ^ >^__  ./.  jVy. 

^X^ 7.4...\,^...U..,..,...!..\^.,.^=o...v> 

:.  viz  ° .  tx u  .i=wj: .  Llv^ks*.. 


<ULs 


3^&x^_ 


Z!.. 


*^ 


56  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Phrases 


..e^...^.CT  — ...{. (.  t  ^..W_l£. 

-A  w^  ■■■< ■■■<■■  -  ^  \— • v=*  k^ 

:x-j£i !Z^jr^...r^...jL^.  u^ ^  y  1 

l.....<\....o/ V^r-.../,.?rrr:.....S^Jtrrr x       ..-rTbw  ...<Z\ rv^> 

)         \  *  %      v* 


1.  As  well  as.  as  many  as,  as  far  as,  as  long  as,  as  soon  as,  as  quickly  as, 
as  much  as,  as  large  as,  as  high  as,  as  early  as,  as  fast  as,  as  regards,  as  fol- 
lows. 

2.  As  long  as  possible,  as  soon  as  possible,  as  quickly  as  possible,  as  much 
as  possible,  as  large  as  possible,  as  high  as  possible,  as  early  as  possible,  as 
far  as  possible,  as  many  as  possible,  it  is  possible,  it  is  impossible. 

3.  Such  as,  as  much  as,  inasmuch,  inasmuch  as,  it  is  this,  does  this,  in  this, 
in  these,  in  those,  in  such,  by  such,  but  such,  for  such,  after  such,  those  who, 
this  year. 

4.  Several  years,  many  years,  next  year,  several  years  ago,  a  few  days,  a 
few  days  ago,  several  days  ago,  ever  since,  I  have  seen,  by  this  time,  at  this 
time,  in  this  respect. 

5.  In  this  case,  in  such  cases,  simply  impossible,  seems  to  me,  seems  to  be, 
it  seems  to  me,  it  seems  to  be,  in  this  city,  in  your  city.  New  York  City,  be- 
cause it  is. 

6.  Because  it  was,  so  as  to,  so  as  to  be,  this  week,  last  week,  next  week, 
in  stock,  my  stock,  our  stock,  must  be,  must  have,  you  must. 

7.  You  must  be,  you  must  have,  I  must,  I  must  be,  I  must  have,  he  must, 
he  must  be,  he  must  have,  just  as  soon  as  possible,  I  am  sorry,  advise  me,  so 
far  as,  so  long  as. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


57 


READING   EXERCISE 


L^IlJ Vi^...°...^...L^....Uc.>...^ Ll^^^ulIJL 

K-T-^ ^\^ - -^ l.^:^ 


Vh.wSe 


C" 


^ :  *CA£> jrr.  ic.  ..<..  ^-^ ...^...Sj.^,  J.J^...t» 
t  ...\..£ r  ^-  ^..*...:t  Z  y..^..: Ed.  C  ( l-^/ 


% 


■*4* 


c. 


L. 


JL %+jtJl  .1. ., £l.^  _ ..  d  ./...^. *<L*  .0.^....°..k. 


vT^a 


./C..^..x\...rt_\ ( 


.jt..^..^oSc(  (w x  .LjLLjLs. .)"..../. *...)...1.N.. 


58 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Review  of  Word-Sic ns 


acknowledge 

advertise 

advertised 

advertiser 

advise-ce 

advised 

adviser 

advisory 

always 

as 

architect  ure 

assemble-v 

assist-ed-ance 

average 

because 

become 

behalf 

benevolent-ce 

business 

change 

chapter 

deform 

dignity 

disadvantage 

disadvantageous 

discharge 

efficient-cy 

electrical 

electricity 

especial 

essential 

esquire 

exchange 

expect 

familiar-ity 

February 

fewest 

first 

forth 


happiest 

has 

highest 

his 

impossible-ity 

intfuence 

inform 

instant 

insure 

insurance 

irregular-ity 

is 

January 

knowledge 

largest 

legislature 

length-y 

longest 

manufacture 

manufacturer 

manufactory 

memoranda 

memorandum 

Messrs. 

mistake 

mortgage 

must 

neglect 

never 

nevertheless 

newest 

next 

no-sir 

notwithstanding 

November 

object 

peculiar-ity 

popular-ity 

public-ish 


purpose 

quick 

regular-ity 

reform 

represent 

republic 

respectful 

reverend 

San  Francisco 

satisfy 

satisfactory 

several 

signify 

signature 

similar-ity 

simple-y 

single  v 

speak 

speech 

special 

spoke 

some 

subject 

something 

stenography 

stenographic 

such 

sufficient 

suggest 

these 

this 

those 

thus 

United  States 

us 

witness 

wisdom 

yes 

ves-sir 


CHAPTER  V-The  Half-Length  Principle 


Shorthani 


60  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

The  Half-Length  Principle 

145.  The  consonant  stems,  except  Enip,  Ing.  Way,  and  Yay,  are 
made  half  their  usual  length  to  add  the  sound  of  t  or  d.  As  a  general 
rule  the  light  stems  are  followed  by  t  and  the  shaded  stems  by  d  ;  as 
pit,  bid.     Line  1. 

146.  A  half-length  stem  in  the  third  position  is  placed  entirely  be- 
low the  line  ;  as  pat,  had.    Line  1. 

147.  The  added  t  ore/  is  read  after  all  vowels  but  before  a  final 
circle  or  loop  ;  as  pets,  cats.    Line  2. 

148.  In  a  few  outlines  of  frequent  occurrence  shaded  stems  are 
halved  to  add  t ;  but  when  there  is  danger  of  misreading,  T-stem  is 
used.     Line  3. 

149.  A  light  stem  standing  alone  is  halved  to  add  t  only  ;  if  d  fol- 
lows, the  stem  is  used.     Line  4. 

150.  Light  stems  are  halved  to  add  d  when  joined  to  other  stems, 
but  not  otherwise.     Line  5. 

151.  When  a  vowel  follows  a  final  t  or  d,  or  when  two  vowels 
precede  a  final  t  or  d,  the  stem  is  used.     Line  6. 

152.  Ray  and  Hay  are  rarely  halved  unless  joined  to  another 
stem.    Line  7. 

153.  When  t  or  d  follows  limp  or  Ing  the  stem  is  used,  since  these 
stems  are  not  halved.     Line  8. 

154.  A  small  loop  following  a  half-length  stem  expresses  the  syl- 
lable est;  as  in  fittest.     Line  9. 

155.  In  some  cases  it  is  necessary  to  disjoin  a  stem  in  order  to  se- 
cure facile  outlines.     Line  14. 

156.  The  halving  principle  is  not  employed  when  the  shortened 
stem  would  not  be  distinct.     Line  15. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


61 


\ 


2     Na 
a'"       , 
4 ..   N 


S 


BEADING   EXERCISE 


iv    r    /• 


v                 /. 
..* *_<*  j^ £ A 


r-    •) 


sC±S*. 


'* rrE - - «A^ ^Wi 

^ zi N,,....St 2 .*f l* L./i.^ v^ zi 

3: 3-^. x^Ld* ^ |: t |_ 


>H 


7..^i <i ^ ^ £! <d ^ ^ 4.^9 *-d! 


<3f 


\ 


r       z0 

■s    v 


b .  „„. OL 

<*^±l .  «*^ £C  .2 m r^rl,  5b. Zj£V^i 


>,     V 


id 


62  Elements  oi  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Halving  M,  X,  R,  and  L 

157.  Line  1.  Emp,  Med,  Met,  Ing,  End,  Net,  War,  Ard,  Art,  Ret, 
Yay,  Eld,  Let. 

158.  M,  X,  R,  and  L  are  halved  to  add  t  only  ;  as  mate,  neat,  art, 
light.  Line  2.  When  d  follows  one  of  these  stems  it  is  indicated  by 
shading;  as  made,  need,  aired,  old.  Line  2.  This  does  not  conflict 
with  Emp,  Ing,  Way,  and  Yay,  since  these  stems  are  not  halved. 

159.  Eld,  being  shaded,  is  always  written  downward.    Line  3. 

160.  When  joined  to  other  stems,  the  sounds  art  and  elt  are  ex- 
pressed by  the  downward  stems,  while  ret  and  let  take  upward  stems. 
Line  4.  A  few  exceptions  are  made  to  this  rule  in  order  to  secure 
facile  joinings.     Lines  5-6. 

161.  Ray  and  Lay  are  not  halved  to  add  d  when  a  vowel  inter- 
venes.   Line  9. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  63 


RRADING    EXERCISE 


~>t.v^  /   £.. 


r tr... 


..«3» T>         •> f 9^   ...W >>    

r^  y  v  ,.^f. c^ S 22: ^r ^ i; "^ .-^.. 

>  v  >  v 2 ^ S ~ \  V & b £ 

./\^...:^/  JC.  ^-<. -t. !k 


^^  w.  \^->^— *~_.,^^., • ^-p^-. 

\ ^ £1 d !n «_ ~ ^^ ^ 

<3 ^1  ^  ^..vl  \x[ i1  <1  4  n    <£L 


64  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Forming  the  Past  Tense  of  Verbs 

162.  Verbs  ending  in  a  full-length  stem  form  the  past  tense  by 
halving  the  last  stem,  provided  it  makes  a  distinct  joining  with  the 
preceding  stem.     Lines  1-4. 

163.  Verbs  ending  in  a  half-length  stem  form  the  past  tense  by 
adding  the  Ed-tick.  This  is  usually  made  in  the  direction  of  T  or 
K,  but  it  may  be  struck  in  the  direction  most  convenient.    Lines  5-8. 

164.  In  certain  cases  it  is  advisable  to  use  D-Stem  to  indicate  the 
past  tense.     Line  9. 

165.  The  Ed-tick  is  used  in  outlines  which  do  not  permit  of 
halving.     Lines  10-11. 

166.  The  Ed-tick  is  also  used  after  a  loop.    Line  14. 

167.  Words  like  pumped,  romped,  take  unshaded  Mt,  while 
palmed,  roamed,  take  shaded  Md.  The  sound  of  p  in  the  former  is 
so  indistinct  that  it  may  be  entirely  omitted,  the  words  being  written 
as  if  pronounced  pumt,  romt.     Line  15. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


65 


READING  EXERCISE 


c.  r  4  S  s\   /y 


■z\  / 


L 


/L  d 


a,^ ^ ^ ^ y v-li * ^ 

•uiLY? ^ Z£....A. ^..^v...'.^ 


:.z^ 


•r 


•  <r-V     •  «"> 


/•   /•   <w  s 


;■* •••<«• 1 


/v  y%    i-  t 


J; t. 


/*\  A. 


G""p 

* £ £ &  S  f  Hr 


b- 


^ !,_£ £ ~^ h* ^ 

..^ La.  C  C  :"v, ^ 

,x  v i: \ £_&  Vf.  Ml ^  .^i h£  m 


^t'u 


^ O ^ fa. 


,..L\ 


=/  Vs,  t=-^ 


^ *> 2 M? -* ^f u*J^fcf- 

^ y.s% i £L* 5s fc H  ^<tS  *-? x^7. 


^ v,.^..^  &  /,. 


*• b ^ *= 


-V- 


.^■^P. .Sr-Swf?. 


66  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Word-Signs  and  Phrases 


5  ..V. .(.... 6 ..)  ...J J !1^ ^..^...LX...— «*< £I^fe! **:... 

6.../^v  ,*v*   <*-* /v--^  ^"w^™.../ .  J ../L  y /^.../^i/^p^ 

r-~— ^  -*=v* !)  -r  -v* ^ "r^^T^ ~ 

1.  Put,  about,  superintend-ed-ent,  ipiite,  got,  God,  get,  good,  write,  fact, 
future,  thought,  that,  without,  lord,  ordinary,  yard,  held,  hold,  not,  nature. 

2.  Under,  hundred,  hand,  owned,  somewhat,  immediate-ly,  intellect-ual. 
natural-ly,  .handle,  handsome,  stood,  understood,  astonish-ed-ment,  estab- 
lish-ed-ment,  yesterday. 

3.  Suit-ed,  suitable-y,  sometime,  territory,  agent,  better,  September,  re- 
mit-ted-tance,  admit-ted-tance,  commit-ted-tee,  except-ed,  aceept-ed-ance, 
purport. 

4.  Aiiticipate-ed,  postscript,  manuscript,  but  it,  but  it  is,  but  it  is  not,  if  it, 
if  it  is,  if  it  is  not,  for  it,  for  it  is,  for  it  is  not,  of  it,  of  its,  of  its  own. 

5.  Have  it,  think  it,  think  it  is,  so  it,  so  it  is,  was  it,  is  not,  as  not,  litis 
not,  he  is  not,  he  has  not,  it  is  not,  which  is  not,  is  it  not,  as  it  is  not,  is 
there  not,  as  there  is  not,  he  should  not. 

6.  He  should  not  be,  he  should  not  have,  you  should  not,  you  should  not 
be,  you  should  not  have,  that  which,  without  which,  about  which,  that  such, 
without  such,  about  such, let  us,  let  us  not,  let  lis  be,  let  us  have. 

7.  On  hand,  anybody,  nobody,  everybody,  somebody,  I  think  it  is,  I  think 
it  was,  as  good  as,  as  bad  as,  by  that,  but  that,  about  that,  in  that,  so  that, 
fact  that,  in  fact,  need  not. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  67 

The  Duke  and  The-  Lord 


\ 


S 


l 12* lm^JLcaJLA c^-^...c:..: 

^....^iis^iJ  ^  \  ,.\^..:.u  *li "  \, 


x   <        *  I    ) 

y I fcr 


:z?„ 


\ 


A 


-J.—... f^.  --^X^../..Z1\^Z.^.%.\ '....H^J>./..-r...f- 


±JL 


***t 


v> 


J 


•...u,..)...^..^.-.^..^ 


^^v     A/A 

* >..j 1.../.J1 


68  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Irregular  Abbreviations 

168.  The  prefix  syllables,  com-,  con-,  cog-,  are  expressed  by 
placing  a  dot  before  the  following  stem,  or  by  placing  the  following 
stem  close  to  a  preceding  stem.     Lines  1-2. 

169.  The  termination  -ing  is  indicated  by  placing  a  dot  near  the 
end  of  the  preceding  stem.     Line  3. 

170.  In  some  outlines  Ing-stem  is  more  convenient  than  the  dot, 
especiall}'  following  EI.  The  stem  should  always  be  used  when  ing 
is  a  part  of  a  proper  name.     Line  4. 

171.  -Ings,  -ing-iis,  -ing-his,  are  indicated  by  a  circle  in  place  of  the 
dot.     Line  5. 

172.  -Ing-the  is  indicated  by  a  chay-tick  in  place  of  the  dot. 
Line  6, 

173.  The  termination  -self  is  expressed  by  Iss,  and  -selves  by  Ses, 
joined  to  the  preceding  portion  of  the  outline.  Self-  as  a  prefix  is  ex- 
pressed by  Iss,  sometimes  joined,  but  more  frequently  disjoined. 

Line  7.  Myself,  yourself,  thyself,  itself,  himself,  yourselves,  ourselves, 
themselves,  selfish,  unselfish,  selfishness,  self-respect,  self-possessed,  self- 
denial,  self-conscious,  self-conceit. 

174.  Ly  is  frequently  disjoined,  especially  following  the  word-signs. 
In  many  cases  it  is  omitted  after  adverbs.     Line  8. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


69 


IRREGULAR  ABBREVIATIONS 


i  V- 


X. 


:^:.. 


J- 


■-*** 4r 


V.  i 


\o'i 


..lx *st-.s*z....<Sg..^M- 3  -S. \&r..rff  Cx,  ....v 

c:^.- i^vtv,.^ d* -3o...^ i^k/v.. 

iv ^...^..-: ^ -^-^S, l^=w ^ 

x-S i £ *v l, «- rr^^^-t.^^ 

SUli b < 6  ^L I y...Z ^^.°^2l. 


v_ 


yg. 


v 


■/■ ••■"  1 1 1 ■ -e\ ]\. L.    ^^7... 


If ** 


70 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


READING    EXERCISE 


r  i 


LC Ll I !:...a/..x...:..<]. 


«-!>» --^  .' 


~ Va.  .tt^?. t i^^ ^tttt' <?...> S*.„ 


1 

} L.V  >.„.^1^..* 1 


JU...1 


r 


1s 

J 


:..., _IL/..j^zl»j\ ki_* fcrfuou, 

1 ^  /qA.!.. *    /^    '  irra-fcOs  C   >  .        ^~\    * 

lA?:. ^..i\..2:.v-./  :  >|  k!»  k-.  >  r  ^ 


1 


*=f--.=*_^,.^-v^-^ • u^i0  ^  -  u. 

■  .*v^~*^--* ,<S^ .^...C^*^. S*.  — .  y. 


CHAPTER  VI- 
Brief  HAY,  WAY,  and  YAY 


72  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Brief  Hay.  \Ya  y,  and  Ya  y 

l  c  i  u  r\ 

He  We        Wo      Ye        Yo 

175.  The  stems  Hay,  Way,  and  Yay  do  not  join  well  with  many 
other  stems  and  it  is  necessary  to  provide  briefer  forms  to  be  used  in 
certain  cases. 

176.  Brief  Hay,  named  He,  is  written  downward  in  the  direc- 
tion ofChay.  It  is  used  before  A',  G,  M,  Mp,  Lay,  Ar,  Way,  S  and  Z. 
It  is  read  before  the  stem  and  any  vowels  preceding  the  stem. 
Lines  1-3. 

177.  Hay  is  sometimes  represented  by  a  dot  placed  beside  a  vowel 
sign.    Line  4. 

178.  Brief  Way  is  named  lie  when  opening  to  the  right  and  Wo 
when  opening  to  the  left.  Wo  is  used  before  P,  B,  and  the  horizontal 
stems.     He  is  used  before  all  other  stems.     Lines  5-6. 

179.  Iss  or  He  may  lie  attached  to  We  and  Wo.     Lines  7-8. 

180.  Words  beginning  with  \vh  are  properly  written  h\v,  the 
sound  of  A  being  heard  first :  ashwey,  hwiz,  hwistle.     Line  8. 

181.  Brief  Fay  is  named  Ye  when  opening  upward  and  Yo  when 
opening  downward.  The  form  is  used  which  makes  the  better  join- 
ing.    Line  9. 

182.  Brief  Hay,  Way,  and  Yay,  are  used  in  the  middle  of  outlines 
when  they  join  with  a  distinct  angle  to  both  preceding  and  following 
stems.     Lines  10—11. 

The  Use  of  Hay,  Way  and  Yay  Stems 

183.  The  Ha y,  Way,  and  Yay  stems  are  used  in  the  following  cases: 

(a)  When  a  word  contains  no  other  stem.     Line  12. 

(b)  When    a    word   begins    with     one   of  these    sounds 

preceded  by  a  vowel  or  ends  with  one  of  them  fol- 
lowed by  a  vowel.     Line  13. 

(c)  When   the    brief  form  will    not   join    well    to    other 

stems  in  the  outline.     Lines  14-16. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


73 


READING   EXERCISE 


mC *^ *> ) i 


ZX^ 


a ^ V 3 •) A 


_ta 


\ 


lzt. >£?...^.- 


J± s. ...Sl..^, !z j. h.^..^.^  ir  n^ 

j  1: -1 JJfc LtilA ^:k\kZ..£ 

A ,  ^ 5 i 5 a 1 i i-i sdi 


■v 


x  -s  vv. vvs  \ -r  j <.  t_ 

^.^i:rb^O .| S^ f„>4"L 

-dt^^X^it !3 ^L=*^ 


:  ^      V 5T^ 


*-* t^-  * 


74  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

The  Small  Way-Hook 

184.  Brief  Way  is  joined  as  a  hook  to  a  following  Lay,  Ray,  M,  or 
N.  It  is  turned  on  the  upper  side  of  Ray,  and  on  the  inside  of  the 
curved  stems.  It  is  read  before  the  stem  and  any  vowel  preceding  the 
stem.     Lines  1-3. 

185.  Iss  is  turned  within  the  small  Way-hook  in  words  like  swell, 
swear,  swim.    Line  4. 

186.  The  Way-hook  is  shaded  to  indicate  wh  in  such  words  as 
wheel,  whine,  where.    Line  5. 

The  Large  Way-Hook 

187.  A  large  initial  hook  is  turned  on  the  right  or  upper  side  of 
T,  D,  K,  G,  to  form  the  combination  Tw,  Dw,  Kw,  Gw.  These  stems 
are  named  Tway,  Dway,  Kway,  Gway.     Lines  6-7. 

188.  Iss  is  turned  within  the  hook  in  such  words  as  squaw,  squib. 
Line  8. 

189.  Stems  to  which  the  small  Way-hook  is  attached  are  halved 
to  add  either  t  or  d.  In  no  case  are  they  shaded  when  d  is  added. 
Line  9. 

190.  Tway,  Dway,  and  Kway  are  halved  to  add  t  only.  When  d 
follows,  the  stem  is  used.    Line  10. 


Elements  ot  Phonetic  Shorthand 


75 


READING   EXERCISE 


"-  r-  rA 


^  ^  ^  '</  <r  ^..:^.j^^l^sl^ 

>or  ^  ^  ..±rrL,i^?.J3E ^-....l^A^s^d 

-€  :<r  :<F  ^ jy  y^ZJOJ^l^i  ^  S** 
£  r  r.r\  :C^.  <x  ^ ...*%. ^ j2J2fc£^ 

izSrJ:.±  £  /: fcLfi^ ^ .^....^ 

fe.  ^  ^  ^  ejz.  &  fes: 

-      e/     — c/ 


:r.r ...r  -r  v  _* 


*1  t_±i   rl|;  r'   v ^ t*L5Ld2fl 


v^C""' V  i-^-^  ^s -^  .£. 


V2 


f     V* 


c_Zl: 


r 


^  \c^  kyf^< fi 


^AlS 


c_y 


Shorthand — G 


76 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Word-Signs  and  Phrases 


w  r\  £  3       S 

= v n & 


, c/... C..C 


../ ^L^ 


1.  Wc,  iv/tA,  were,  what,  would,  ye,  yet,  beyond,  you,  we  were,  were  we, 
what  would,  we  would,  when,  one. 

2.  Where,  while,  well,  work,  want,  went,  word,  equal,  quarter,  equality, 
quality,  question. 

3.  Wherever,  wheresoever,  whenever,  whensoever,  whereas,  wherewith, 
whereto,  whereabouts,  whereat,  whereby. 

4-.  Wherein,  wherefore,  herewith,  hereabouts,  heretofore,  henceforth, 
forthwith,  withhold,  withheld,  anywhere,  nowhere,  everywhere,  sotnewfiere. 

5.  Everyone,  anj'one,  no  one,  some  one,  with  me,  with  my,  we  may,  we 
may  be,  we  can,  we  can  be,  we  could,  we  could  be. 

6.  We  will,  we  will  be,  we  are,  we  are  certain,  we  are  sorry,  with  regard, 
with  respect,  wc  must,  we  must  be,  we  must  have,  we  must  not,  would  be, 
would  not  be. 

7.  Would  have,  would  not  have,  it  would  be,  it  would  have,  it  would  not 
be,  which  would  be,  which  would  not  be,  he  would,  who  would,  he  would 
be,  who  would  be,  we  do,  we  had,  we  think,  we  think  you  are,  we  thank  you. 

8.  We  have,  we  have  had,  we  have  said,  we  have  seen,  when  we,  when 
we  have,  when  you  have,  when  you  can,  we  think  it  is,  we  think  it  was. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


77 


READING  EXERCISE 


B ^'a/*-~^^ 

- i:,  k».  : ■l..^.^.<  _,  .T -1  i  nl . ' 

.^i^xxin  Li ±r..*.i..i  ^,- 


^    S*n,1' 


k 


*X 


x/ 


^^x..:..x„!....kN: 5 v-^--v*-- Cxji 

.l^,..^....^.Z...^..:..zt, Cl^£ 

>.   l^^ t >. .>>... .nf x Xy.-.y....^.,^.....*. 


-  .^° 


78  Elements  oi  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Irregular  Contractions 

191.  K,  g,  kw,  and  gw  are  frequently  omitted  after  Xg. 

1.  English,  anguish,  languish,  language,  anxious,  extinct,  instinct,  dis- 
tinct, extinguish,  distinguish. 

192.  When  u  forms  a  distinct  syllable  at  the  beginning  or  in  the 
midst  of  a  word,  the  diphthong  is  frequently  joined  as  a  part  of  the 
outline.     Lines  2-3. 

193.  Coalescent  y  may  be  expressed  when  necessary  by  Brief  Yav 
in  the  position  of  the  following  vowel,  using  ye  for  the  dot  vowels 
and  yo  for  the  dash  vowels.    Lines  4-5. 

194.  Brief  Way  is  sometimes  disjoined  in  the  midst  of  an  outline 
when  the  hook  can  not  be  conveniently  joined  ;  as  bewail,  farewell. 
Line  6. 

195.  la,  Io,  at  the  end  of  words  are  sometimes  expressed  by  ye, 
joined  ;  as,  mania,  Eugenia.    Line  7. 

196.  Way,  away,  are  sometimes  expressed  by  we  joined  to  the 
preceding  stem,  or  written  in  the  place  of  the  Ing-dot ;  as  highway, 
going  away.     Line  8. 

197.  Will  as  a  noun  may  conflict  with  law  in  certain  construc- 
tions, in  which  case  will  should  be  written  in  full.     Line  9. 

198.  The  termination  -ity  is  frequently  expressed  b}-  halving  the 
preceding  stem;  as  dexterity,  hospitality.     Line  10. 

199.  The  termination  -ward  is  generally  written  with  wert,  but 
in  some  outlines  Ard  is  used  because  it  makes  a  better  joining.  See 
line  11,  page  75. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


79 


Irregular  Contractions 


,..  *&  rvf-7  x_. ...  L^ m: ^.....n; 

3  hrN^y< /irk   "~^1    — ^j.  ...L^ .,..;r-rs^.4 

a.  <N^..  ^KI ..  ,:.^ tl.«...  j£* *rvd VI  •--^•^ 

6 vi  k^...  ^ .  -^r  ii^... !n#  ...u...^v^ 

L*w* t« ^^^  \r  -^  />  ^  " 

8 ^  ..A. ™    «rr^  .4. 

9 -r-rrf- 

10    4-    X     ^      ^ 


^ 


t 


S^*. 


^ 


80 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


READING  EXERCISE 


- l..**.Z....| &...Z^J„..V.^ 


H^\ 


y 


X.± Cu 


1 1. 


;z^....^...^.X..^...^..^. 

\^.  .L.../1  ... Ss_.m_...rrf>...../%T..  < L,...^7...^  .  ftl..^...*..ly.ZZ&        w 


:> 


1  ' 

l:   „.., ..=. :    ,.-2..x.<  i_ L  v c»  j  Ll^rixzt: 

^•^...2:.kL.r, ^^^.*..„cr..v-7--.il-^ 

J  TV- 

>  *  .  v^.\^  ...st....™...*...* i Ctt^fz —^Jt  :rr^.... 

l£^/~* v^.^>>.-^../^^.^..* 5hu1 

r>i *-~*^A wr.-^r..^..^ i  ^...,c.^i., rx^: 

\v/....— ., v<l...-Z^..x.je«CJu..fc. n /^n....^ *..*  ,...v> 

..—.  ..^....D . .  if  :..,^...>S tz£x~  .L.^Z.l^ 

£...  .%,!  A...  -,._^^:.. la ^...r*.-..^...^..l^.^..Kl.* 

Xks L^.  ..^^^..  ..w. ..  .^r:...r?:...^  .*....  t .  ,^w.  lj±. 

c_-w  .jCjS ...4^...v  ....<U>...^.rr^^rr>.^..>^^..^...\ .% I  ■   ..fel»..  . 


Elements  ot  Phonetic  Shorthand 


81 


Review  of  Word-Signs 


about 

hold 

understood 

accept-ed-ance 

hundred 

want 

admit-ted-tance 

immerliate-ly 

we 

agent 

instinct 

went 

anguish 

intellect-ual 

well 

anticipate-d 

language 

were 

anxious-ly 

languish  ed 

with 

anybody 

lord 

withheld 

astonish-ed-ment 

manuscript 

withhold 

anywhere 

nature 

without 

better 

natural-ly 

what 

beyond 

nobody 

when 

commit-ted-tee 

not 

whenever 

distinct-ly 

nowhere 

whensoever 

distinguish-ed 

one 

where 

English 

ordinary 

wherever 

equal  ly 

owned 

wheresoever 

equality 

postscript 

whereas 

establish-ed-nent 

purport 

whereat 

except-ed 

put 

whereabouts 

extinct 

quality 

whereby 

extinguish-ed 

quarter 

wherefore 

fact 

question 

wherein 

forthwith 

quite 

whereto 

future 

remit-ted-tancc 

wherewith 

get 

September 

while 

God 

somewhat 

word 

goot' 

sometime 

work 

got 

somewhere 

would 

land 

stood 

write 

handle 

suit-ed 

yard 

handsome 

suitable-y 

ye 

held 

superintend-ed-ent 

yesterday 

henceforth 

territory 

yet 

hereabouts 

that 

you 

heretofore 

thought 

herewith 

under 

82 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


The  Choice  of  Books 


I, 


/^.\i  *Az..r..^^.~:z„ 


\ 


d t*..  6  JJL^  w,.\,rd^.- &...*..A^+„l-d r. 

<dc..\.. c i  l ^~> ..>..  ^..^...b...v...^..iz....x.:...v:„. 

<.  ^:....L,..r  i .*  rj...^..^.x/.....^.....<..z\.A)..„x..xk^ 

^^H^.^a.\^ d^..s 

^*\,^\n us, 


„d  ...k..A.vk ..( 


=\ 


\ 


..,.£4 


■1  V  ^* 


^..Ct, 


X-XT^k. 


C*...I-  } 


c^ .../ 


/ 


3-^»  -v=H;    ■*■■> 
d-*d&_~.  r^.C  ...* 


CHAPTER  VII     Initial  Hooks  for  L  and'R 


84  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

L  and  R  Hooks  on  Straight  Stems 

y    v     r     r     /•/,._ 

PI  Bl  Tl         Dl  Chi         Jl  Kl  Gl 

■V  \  1  1  /  /  ,-        c- 

Pr  Br  Tr         Dr  Chr       Jr  Kr  Gr 

200.  The  sounds  of  /  and  r,  when  following  the  straight  stem  con- 
sonants, are  indicated  by  small  initial  hooks,  the  /-hook  being 
turned  on  the  right  or  upper  side  and  the  r-hook  on  the  left  or  under 
side. 

201.  These  compound  signs  are  named  pel,  per,  bcl,  her,  etc.,  and 
are  vocalized  as  single  stems.    Lines  1—5. 

202.  The  hooks  in  the  middle  of  an  outline  cannot  always  be 
perfectly  formed,  but  must  be  indicated  by  an  onset  or  retracing  of 
the  preceding  stem.     Lines  6-10. 

Special  Vocalization 

203.  Theoretically  the  r-  and  /-hooks  are  used  only  when  these 
sounds  immediately  follow  a  consonant  without  an  intervening 
vowel.  It  is  sometimes  convenient,  however,  to  indicate  a  vowel 
between  a  stem  and  its  hook.  This  is  done  by  using  a  very  small 
circle  beside  the  stem  in  the  position  of  the  dot  vowels,  and  by 
striking  the  dash  vowels  through  the  stem.  When  a  first  or  third- 
place  dash  would  intersect  a  hook  or  circle,  it  may  be  placed  close 
to  the  beginning  or  end  of  the  stem.     Lines  1 1-14. 


Elements  ot  Phonetic  Shorthand 


85 


READING    EXERCISE 


■^ * -\, H 3 f 3 l l 

•  » 


a 


w 


-I 


iO: S -2 ^ 3Li»JS *2 k 1 1 <^ 


4 


M :> ^..5U.*_. 

^-x^i 'n !z 


*         -♦ 


a- 


v7- 


*A <■ f-4 £ E^S< k_!74 

£\ ^./£V 51^ ^.^!vjd £~ 

£=> £12 ^ "iC 7^...£^^..^.J?-$ 

m ,*fc ^-....i. .). i;^ ^ 


86 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Word-Signs  and  Phrases 


\ 


V  O  S. f f f L  f 


x     \     \     \  „_<\    1     a 1 


1  ;  - 

t  Nc-:>  s c v      k ^;-  ^.a 


1.  Complj-,  peoi^,  apply,  bill,  able,  tell,  till,  until,  deal,  children,  angel, 
call,  difficult-}-. 

2.  Appear,  per,  practice,  member,  remember-ed,  number-ed,  brother, 
truth,  true,  dear,  during,  larger,  care,  occur,  cure.  car. 

3.  Agree,  degree,  correct,  collect,  character,  characteristic,  proper-ly-ty, 
probable-ly,  propose,  perhaps,  practiced,  practical-ly. 

4-.  Practicable,  capable,  telegram-ph,  angelic,  direct,  durable,  endear,  en- 
dure, perforin,  performance,  charge-d,  challenge-d,  trustworthy,  prepared- 
ator  y . 

5.  At  all,  at  all  times,  at  least,  at  last,  price-list,  list-price,  on  the  contrary, 
I  trust  you  are,  I  trust  you  will,  tell  me.  we  will  try. 

Note. — Doctor,  Dr* ,  should  have  been  included  in  the  above  list. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  87 


READING   EXERCISE 


•  y - Ll1^ V -^ U  *q^. 

<  : ! L- '....  ^£Lr^y ••••A...LIL.L  *Tid. 

I , ="  U       =^:..:.y Xf^S^SL ^f  J 

S  /....^ ^ x°..-'i &-Li£*=^ tl ^ ^.,.Zr:\. 

^ L* ,.-\   \_ ...^ ....^= ....?» ...V .... ...r:,.,.,^.<l.»..:. 

r^—^f- " °- tY \ 

1^4- £3 x..:...5wr......Nf f^Vf-i^Z-rr* 

Ln^zJL^J ^.^„.,../.x.i.^t^y^ 

-~\~ i.:..;.:...^=\^...^.V 

fc^V ' — \— V=H *— *V«* 

fc,....* !r.^ Xv,^^^:!.^^^'^.^^^/!^ 

!S=^s^: >: l^W /'>  ^v-<^7c 


88  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

The  Circltcs  on  L  and  R  Hooks 

204.  Iss  and  Ses  may  precede  the  r-hook  on  straight  stems  or  be- 
tween two  straight  stems  in  the  same  direction,  by  turning  the  circle 
on  the  r-hook  side.    Lines  1-3. 

205.  Skr,  sgr,  following  T  or  D,  and  spr  following  /,  are  formed 
by  retracing  the  circle  to  indicate  the  r-hook.     Line  4. 

206.  In  a  few  cases  where  the  r-hook  cannot  be  conveniently 
shown  in  the  midst  of  an  outline,  it  is  omitted ;  as  in  prescribe,  sub- 
scribe.    Line  5. 

207.  When  s  precedes  the  /-book  it  must  be  distinctly  formed 
within  the  hook.    Line  7. 

208.  The  circle  is  sometimes  lengthend  in  the  midst  of  an  outline 
in  order  to  show  a  following  hook  plainly.     Line  10. 

209.  Ray  is  sometimes  used  instead  of  Ar  in  order  to  keep  outlines 
from  extending  too  far  below  the  line,  or  to  give  easier  joinings. 
Line  14. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


89 


READING    EXERCISE 


■J* 


•  "NC 


%JX 


~VA^ U Wt tJL 


-yA 3 ,1 -1 •? 


1 -j 9 a! * 


Ok,.. 


, LJL £ ^ :/ ±=^*j-J!< ^XA^ 

-^ £ £ l. it-A v4--^ £*- 

^ s^v^v^ V^i ^ -^ 

,o.^....^..A^ ^....>;^.r^...r^..3...±^.£ 


,,..L...^ iL..r^.^..^..^ * z^dtJL fei 

>3.C^:JU X, Lj^SJLs^P^^ 

14.^Z ^..:^*/A .1. X.^.^J^yl-7, 


90  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

W'ORD-SlGXS  AND  PHRASES 

.-^ ^ * *v\ 1 h ] s  LT-^ 

-- -**— —^ V\    '   a\1- 

•\  |  i ^ v^^^A £- 

1.  Surprise,  surprised,  express,  expressed,  suppress,  suppressed,  extreme- 
ly, extremity,  extra,  extraordinary,  consider,  describe,  secure,  security. 

2.  Seclude,  exclude,  exclusive,  exclaim,  exclamatory,  explode,  explore,  ex- 
plosive, explicit,  expressage,  expressive,  extract. 

3.  By  express,  it  is  true,  et  cetera,  please  advise,  please  advise  us,  please 
advise  me,  please  let  us,  we  are  surprised,  we  are  pleased,  we  will  be  pleased, 
we  will  consider. 

Note. —  K  is  sometimes  omitted  from  outlines  beginning  with  ex  when  its 
omission  does  not  materially  change  the  outline  and  when  its  use  is  incon- 
venient.    Line  2. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


91 


READING    EXERCISE 


CM   '    U-     ..^l...-.-l vJS=1j< L tx.AA. A 1 

w£..„ l.l./i^* 4 .^ > <d...^ 'J^HH^ 

..v: -2JL *C* d i_ lZ^X^t u. 


X v: / ■z.&zr. r. x. 

—  X^  > \JZ\ » !s 

-•^ kr..4t»  x ..."  i=s=......_...!v.. .-, __j La^ls_»J5kii 

aJr-.S^...^..,j  nJikC^ 

L~=~jL'  L\..sZ...^J. L» * r^..ri..k\  A. 

^.- - ^ ^Ifi^L • 1 

^  i_  .W-^v  H^=a i * t  jz  \k  \. 

^.i..v.z i lc^  ,....* j :.-. c..z\^\.i 

^         o     V,    x„.<rS^_rT^™^.„I»k=« .L~...<j 


L,. 


H ■■-  ^  V 


n 


c±£. 


U>. 


\ 


-  ^-\/ 


-  /  r  Y* 

JL , -.^UlX. 


Vt 


..* £V> <tl±  ..^-....x.  - .  s cz. 


A, 


Bhoithand — 7 


i 


V^V^   ^.. 


./■ i 


(J2  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

L  and  R  Hooks  on  Curved  Stems 

k k i ( ). ) 1 J 


..L k C ( s » 2. «... 

^ 2\ 1 ) a » I I 

Fl         VI        Thl      Thl  Shi 

Fr         Vr        Thr      Thr  Shr      Zhr 

,.g-3» S** <C.. </.. jO .•s-c u<. C, 

.£!& Srrr^ C~.. ? <~N **f. .* C 


(Z. cr>. C^ i/ . 


\vM 

wN 

wL 

Mr 

Nr 

Lr 

Ml 

Nl 

wR     wMt-cl      wNt-d      wRt-d      wLt-d 

Mrt-d        Nrt-d  Lrt-d 

Rl       Mlt-d        Nlt-d        Rlt-d 

210.  Initial  hooks  are  used  for  /  and  r  on  all  the  curved  stems 
except  Ar,  Way,  S,  Z  and  Yay.  As  shown  above,  F,  V,  Ith  and  Thee 
are  reversed  when  the  r-hook  is  attached.     See  line  1. 

211.  Shr  and  Zhr  are  always  written  downward.     Line  2. 

212.  Shi  is  written  either  upward  or  downward  according  to 
convenience,  the  hook  being  made  large  on  the  downward  stem  and 
small  on  the  upward  stem.     Line  3. 

213.  Mr  and  Nr  are  shaded  to  distinguish  them  from  Win  and 
Wn,  as  given  on  page  74.     Lines  4—5. 

214.  A  large  hook  is  used  for  Ml,  Nl,  Rl,  and  Lr.     Lines  6-9. 

215.  Note  the  outlines  for  decipher,  dissever,  in  line  12. 

216.  Note  the  distinction  in  the  outlines  for  swine,  signer,  swing, 
sinner,  singer,  swim,  swimmer,  simmer,  swoon,  sooner,  want, 
honored,  in  line  13, 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  93 

READING  EXERCISE 

uSC 2S S L>. O^  j^h ^  ..ra^ :C V .12...!).. 

^ i { ^ ^ 3 J ^ k -y <?: 

3 2: 1 g £ \y :^Jf2 SuZSsLt^Z 

.....^ dlrtzLjCL K..r^...^ dc r£ 

,5 t^pk ^..±i k....^ %Jo>±, 

6..    r^.. Nd^ L^™. L CTJS^^rrT i-j^  ...C^«... 

7 &^. cj^ i^ Srk. c    ^c^...c+^...\^.....r^...<fy.... 


s cZ. cT. £ ^T cAl <£± .u^..u£L^Z.±z/. 

^z fl c£ t£^t—^^ £L£i£^ 

,..^.jn..^ tx±x±03 tL^=*c 

^•V^ ^ a ^  hsk a s^ h 

<^>       ^J^       <L--      ^L^       ^—^\      '^^^       kTN/     ^"^  e--     <-^ 

3 J ei-isr 

..^>^. s^ v^..-^ ^ :^..ku.v^ 

t  .  si*. .  ife *jj» .ejj cdCX c^ ^<X. *£ £? 


94 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 
Word-Signs  and  Phras:-:s 


2i r^ ^ :\ 


^ I ) ) I j )  HHL 


K 


4: * I I ? \ % ^ ^ 


2    £ cz. ^ <Ljds£L 


,1 iLl^K^)  \  U  1  \, v^v, 

• ep ^ LQ.....IX £ :c-a^ 

,..n.:^ a ^Lo .^  ^  ^ i^z^x^ 

1.  Offer,  from,  over,  very,  favor-ed,  either,  there,  tlieir,  other,  sure,  assure, 
pleasure,  Mr.,  Mrs.,  more. 

2.  Nor,  near,  owner,  fill,  fell,  full-y,  value-d,  million,  real,  rely,  roll,  rail, 
rule,  release,  realize,  real  estate,  relinquish. 

3.  Therefore,  thereto,  thereby,  thereof,  therewith,  therefrom,  otherwise, 
former,  formal,  influential,  commercial,  mark. 

4.  Marked,  market,  remark-able,  forgot-ten,  forget,  forgive-n,  forgave, 
forego,  valuable,  favorable,  unfavorable. 

5.  There  is,  there  is  not,  there  is  no,  there  is  nothing,  there  are,  there  are 
several,  there  were,  there  will  be,  there  may  be,  there  would  be,  be  sure,  to 
be  sure,  you  may  be  sure. 

6.  In  our,  in  our  city,  in  all,  in  all  things,  in  all  cases,  in  all  such  cases,  in 
all  this,  withal,  with  all  such,    can  only  be,  could  only. 

7.  In  either,  in  either  case,  in  other,  in  other  cases,  no  other,  in  oilier 
words,  every  other,  there  can  be.  can  there  be,  it  is  onl3',  not  only. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


95 


READING    EXERCISE 


Efc-i 


kZ.:...:, :C <^*k ^eV^ *••-—« ^^^ 


\. 


X 


,^~,...^ & ±j^J.Z. 


x 


^:.^....u M:..£.....° i^ !v, is^v^d 

U-^  ^...,.....^......^X^..^L-r£". U< !*. 

2A-\tf^.n.., l^.l .......  Sr...V......<» }.:.., LJ> 

-  -^  -^  i   — --^- - ^ -->  x  K 

i£L_% "L,..r. ^.x...v.^/:.^  i_ ir^: 


tv2 
«£ s, 


"v"*  •  ^ 


!> 


\> 


i    '~^ 


V fc 

.^v ....  -  .r„ rfi i 


..!<t> x..„r^ Ls=> 


•   ^ 


d_D 


=V~ 


^Xr*^^  ^ 


^      K.         . 


96  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Halved  Stems  With  L  and  R  Hooks 

217.  The  halving  principle  applies  to  the  hooked  stems  the  same 
as  to  the  simple  strokes,  except  that  more  freedom  is  taken  in 
expresseng  either  t  or  d  after  both  light  and  shaded  stems. 

In  line  1  light  stems  are  halved  to  add  t. 
In  line  2  light  stems  are  halved  to  add  d. 
In  line  3  shaded  stems  are  halved  to  add  d. 
In  line  4  shaded  stems  are  halved  to  add  t. 

218.  All,  XI,  Rl  and  Lr  are  seldom  halved  to  express  the  past 
tense  of  verbs,  the  D-stem  being  preferable.     Line  5. 

219.  Lines  6-7  contain  words  distinguished  by  variation  in  out- 
line. Derivative  outlines  should  follow  the  primitive  form  as  far  as 
possible  ;  as  plot,  plotter,  plead,  pleader.     Line  7. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


97 


READING   EXERCISE 


V 


r   '■ 


A- 


V 


V 

..v -v < 2 %.....% 21 


\     <v 


<£ 


ZLj* !L* 

-.. .  .& !>...  ...r^r.  h\. 


**. 


^ h^ ^ ^ cXl ^ cx!..JO ^.. 

< ^ .<* !H -.13 Z \ 1-4=-* ]-....^...^... 

=^..2} S S| «: ^ L, L, £3 odE-L 


6 & 

:  < 


trr. i 

y<    S*    TV 


IX 


i  3-"  fcat^&JZs, i r  ^ 

...  *C  j~. ^  £? r^ v i- „ 1^^ 

„.^t   -v.  .^.....W  _/* w di^ L,^ 


98  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Word-Signs  and  Phrases 


1.  Particular,  appeared,  part,  apart,  complied,  applied,  spirit,  build-t, 
ability,  bold,  ahle-to,  toward,  told,  child,  agility,  creature,  accord-ing, 
guilt-y,  filled,  felt,  virtue. 

2.  Authority,  third,  throughout,  short,  assured,  shorthand,  participate-d. 
accordance,  in  accordance,  according  to  the,  according  to  your,  multitude. 
multitudinous,  Philadelphia. 

3.  In  order,  in  order  that,  in  order  to  be,  in  order  to  have,  in  writing, 
hand  writing,  able  to  write,  able  to  read,  able  to  make,  be  able  to.  to  be 
able  to.  we  may  be  able  to. 

4.  We  are  glad,  we  regret,  high-grade,  high-class,  at  any  rate,  a  day  or 
two,  a  day  or  so,  a  great  deal,  a  great  while,  a  good  deal,  a  good  while,  as 
great  as,  contract,  attract. 

Note. — To  is  omitted  after  according,  in-order  and  in  regard. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


99 


READING    EXERCISE 


c 

ur...l V:- .r3j 


r.. 


«■<:-.-* 


.%*JQ.. 


*L* X. 


> 


%r 


./ %. ss>.. 

5 


f-i 


V K-V- 

T^^..^.vk.^ ZjL± 

S....^../ z L 


■<-f- 


•^••3 ^ 


% 


%: 


,.V!r: :\..S 


f i .*....: ^ • 

>*.  .^r-^..  *... ' -^..  .."r^: n....!V....^jC "L ** * ^.^..,\ ). 


*>- 


,.U^_ -ry... 

L  .  \^„^J\..* ^ s^r....x....!k...O. 


*jL>±Z 1. L I ' «fL»  \ .....  ..^.1 

^ v LA ^^p^ri^ 

is ^ d^j&=* L<±^^x^?.. 

**L5± L*/JL 


x r..^....^..:.^....-.^ il 


*••••> <1-r- 


100 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthmul 


Review  of  Word-Signs 


ability 

dear 

more 

remember 

able 

degree 

Mr. 

roll 

accord 

describe 

Mrs. 

rule 

accordance 

difficult-y 

multitude 

secure 

according 

direct 

multitudinous 

security 

agility 

doctor 

near 

short 

agree 

durable 

nor 

shorthand 

angel 

during 

number 

spirit 

angelic 

either 

occur 

suppress 

apart 

endear 

offer 

suppressed 

appear 

endure 

other 

sure 

appeared 

express 

otherwise 

surprise 

apply 

expressed 

over 

surprised 

applied 

extra 

owner 

telegraph-m 

assure 

extraordinary 

part 

tell 

assured 

extreme 

participate 

their 

authority 

extremity 

particular 

there 

bill 

favor 

people 

thereby 

bold 

favorable 

per 

therefore 

brother 

fell 

perform-ance 

therefrom 

built-d 

felt 

perhaps 

thereof 

call 

fill 

Philadelphia 

thereto 

capable 

filled 

pleasure 

therewith 

car 

forgave 

practice 

third 

care 

forget 

practiced 

throughout 

challenge 

forgive-n 

practical 

till 

character 

forgot-ten 

practicable 

told 

characteristic 

forego 

prepared-atorv 

toward 

charge 

formal 

probable 

true 

child 

former 

proper 

truth 

children 

from 

propose 

trustworthy 

collect 

full-y 

rail 

unfavorable 

commercial 

guilt 

real 

until 

comply 

influential 

release 

value 

complied 

larger 

real  estate 

valuable 

consider 

mark 

realize 

very 

correct 

marked 

relinquish 

virtue 

creature 

market 

rely 

cure 

member 

remark 

deal 

million 

remarkable 

Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


101 


Irregular  Phrases 


.J^S .*! .^.....^k....^ ^ " 

'••^^>  -^^  ^H^ 
3  H "rv....  ^ ... .^ !3£ ^....^.. 

4....i^  .....s^^s ^^^ ^-r^c. i^....S^=J^....ly^.. 


^  <V 


*\ 


^ ^c v 


* <^1 |^ L_Jwdy? 


1.  In  reply,  in  receipt,  in  respect,  in  referring,  in  reference,  in  regard,  in 
order,  unreasonable,  unrecognized,  unrestricted. 

2.  In  reply  to  your,  in  reply  to  which,  in  reply  to  this,  in  reply  will  say, 
in  reply  to  your  favor,  in  reply  to  your  valued  favor,  in  reply  to  your  request, 
in  receipt  of  your,  in  receipt  of  this,  in  receipt  of  your  favor. 

3.  In  referring  to  yours,  in  reference  to  yours,  in  reference  to  that,  in  re- 
gard to  that,  in  regard  to  this,  in  regard  to  which,  in  respect  to  your,  in 
respect  to  which,  in  respect  to  that,  in  respect  to  this. 

4-.  Dear  sir,  we  enclose,  we  enclose  herewith,  enclose  herwith,  C.  O.  D., 
f.  o.  b.,  O.  K.,  we  take  pleasure,  it  is  very,  your  favor. 

5.  Your  valued  favor,  in  answer,  in  answer  to  your,  answering  yours, 
very  truly,  very  truly  yours,  very  respectfully  yours,  yours  truly. 

6.  Truly  yours,  yours  very  respectfully,  yours  sincerely,  sincerely  yours, 
cordially  yours,  yours  cordially. 

7.  Colorado,  Delaware,  District  of  Columbia,  Florida,  Georgia,  Nebraska. 
North  Carolina,  North  Dakota,  Oklahoma,  South  Carolina. 


102  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Prefixes  and  Terminations 

220.  Accom-,  expressed  by  A' joined  to  the  following  part  of  the 
outline. 

1.  Accompany,  accompanied,  accompanist,  accommodate,  accommodated, 
accomplice,  accomplish. 

221.  Contra-,  contro-,  counter-,  expressed  by  A'  above  the  follow- 
ing part  of  the  outline. 

2.  Contradict,     contradictory,      controvert,     controversy,     countersign, 
counteract,  counterpart,  counterfeit,  counterpoise. 

222.  Miscon-,  discom-,  uncon-,  recon-,  expressed  by  the  stem  of 
the  syllable  placed  near  the  following  part  of  the  outline.     Line  3. 

223.  Magna-,  magni-,  expressed  by  M  placed  above  the  following 
stem.     Line  4. 

224.  For-,  fore-,  expressed  by  F  joined.     Line"). 

225.  Over,  expressed  by  its  word-sign  joined  to  the  following  part 
of  the  outline.    Line  6. 

226.  Under,  expressed  by  its  word-sign  joined.     Line  7. 

227.  -Ble,  -bly,  -ful,  -fully,  L-hook    omitted   when  it  cannot   be 
conveniently  shown.     Lines  8-9. 

228.  -Fulness,  expressed  by  Fs  under  the  preceding  stem.   Line  10. 

229.  -Lessness,  expressed  by  Lay-ses  joined.     Line  11. 

230.  -Ingly,  expressed  by  Xgl  joined.     Line  12. 

231.  -Ship,  expressed  by  Tsh,  joined  or  disjoined.     Line  13. 

232.  -Ity,  expressed  by  halving  the  preceding  stem.    Lines  14-15. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


103 


READING   EXERCISE 


M    b 


k... 


I\   jb£ - Zrs ^ ^ 

* ^v^-4 3 ^^K- 

r  3^..  x,  .3^ 2r3 3 jk 


9 * 


s  ^-.      \^    V.  ^    N* Vfi^..    Se^    ^^  ...vs^s... 

6^  ^..^:.^....^....,>f'iv:.. 


-ssr  *  *f V  ^  Z  _>  "^  ^ V 

„  \  1L  l=  v  2^*lj^: ^S..^.. 


*^ 


104 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Testimony  of  Charles  F.  Miner 


f- ^.Z^.^...^.^..\^...^...^..^.. 


jAa. 


,.«/..*jfei?..._!^C.Z\.J! 


6 


■v 


J«/.. 


^ 


^ ■c-       - /*- 


V  £ 


.0/... 


f 


..ay. 


1 


^ 


J   a    ^  «, .     ..J..J  v„ 


S~ 


x 


» T 


/ 


,JU  C  i  c:Y_;^^)/!.u/^^)..;.l 


<£/ 


^ Li h y/V^'  '--5  ^<>  *  ^  y> 


*v 


1        -     *f 


V 


^\X>  V"C 


f  -  f 


<v 


/ 


.!ri:r  ^v"  ^*^A 


r^~L«K. 


..«/ 


V"  c) 


CHAPTER  VIII 
Final  Hooks  for  N,  F,  and  V 


106  Elements  of Phonetic  Shorthand 

The  A'-Hook 

233.  A  small  final  hook  is  used  for  n.  It  is  turned  on  the  left  or 
under  side  of  straight  stems  and  on  the  inside  of  curved  steins.  It  is 
read  after  the  stem  and  any  vowel  following  the  stem.     Lines  1-4-. 

234.  Final  circles  and  loops  are  turner!  on  the  n-hook  side  of 
straight  stems  to  include  the  sound  of  n.     Line  7. 

235.  Following  the  curved  stems,  Tiss  is  turned  distinctly  within 
the  hook,  but  Ses  and  Steh  require  the  A'-stem.     Line  9. 

236.  The  A'-stem  is  used  when  a  vowel  follows  a  final  n.   Line  11. 

237.  When  two  vowels  precede  n  in  short  words,  the  stem  is  used. 
Line  12. 

238.  Ar-hook  is  sometimes  used  for  Ing  when  followed  by  A'. 
Lines  16-17. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


107 


READING    EXERCISE 


■  ^   x   NN   J-    jn  J    Ja 4JL*-9  ^^LAJl SL 


5 . 


^sai—Jzsi. 


An?* 


U 


> 


•*  *  t  ^  J=  "<•  ^-t*  ^  V  -*>  r  J»k 

■'^  ^     '       '        '       ^    4>   !^i  V^   -<—   Ei  Si 

9  2  <  ^  t  v  l£^^:  ^y-  «£  <; 


b=  V    V. 


L  v_ 


^  1         L  JL, 


Shortha.ni> — 8 


08  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Word-Signs  and  Phrases 


,. ...>..  \A.^ \A.\X..V\ v  Li  J  j  j I! 

JUL D. m —JZZLzL  ^L 


p"^ 


7... 


*^ 


H vVvH-^W^aa 


1.  Opinion,  upon,  happen,  spoken,  explain,  experience,  combine,  been, 
bank,  balance,  blank,  circumstance,  denominate-d,  done,  down,  doctrine, 
continuous. 

2.  Constitute-d,  consequence,  significance,  connect,  begin,  begun,  began, 
organ,  organize,  general,  generalize,  imagine-ary,  often,  phonography,  even, 
within,  then,  than. 

3.  Southern,  learn,  furniture,  union,  continue,  continuance,  continually, 
continously,  phonographer,  phonographic,  examine,  mistaken. 

-t.  Men,  man,  workmen,  workman,  workingmen,  workingnian,  young 
men,  young  man,  determine,  appearance,  compliance,  appliance,  remem- 
brance, deliverance. 

5.  At  once,  for  instance,  under  the  circumstances,  in  response,  in  conse- 
quence, insignificance,  in  the  meantime,  in  the  meanwhile,  I  remain,  we 
remain,  again  and  again. 

0.  Our  own,  your  own,  my  own,  her  own,  their  own,  where  on,  hereon 
thereon,  better  than,  greater  than,  more  than,  sooner  than,  other  than,  less 
than,  worse  than. 

7.  Ever  been,  never  been,  have  been,  had  been,  has  been,  has  not  been,  it 
has  been,  it  has  not  been,  he  has  been,  he  has  not  been,  there  has  been,  there 
has  not  been,  such  has  been,  such  has  not  been,  as  there  has  been,  as  there 
has  not  been. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


109 


READING  EXERCISE 


\     o     ( 


lo 


V 


\s  l.  x  n  ^z..^....^L \~ .?L„wi* iz  <->-> .. ...r. . 

>. .; 12-ZL* t.^..  r^  -o  v  ^  %  -  J  m^ 

Z l^^A....^.^^ 

Li  iJ-  s>  ^ ,..* <1±.  n..^^-^^ 


^L :         LatlL*.  a^±L  .^...^  ^ . 


2  ^ .  }^?j±JUJt2^^ 


■!■•* - 


110  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

The  F-Hook 

239.  A  small  final  hook  is  turned  on  the  right  or  upper  side  of  the 
straight  stems  for  for  v. 

240.  Line  1  contains  words  ending  with  f,  while  line  2  contains 
words  ending  with  f. 

241.  In  lines  3-6  the  context  must  be  depended  upon  to  determine 
whether  for  v  is  to  be  read. 

242.  The  £hook  is  not  used  on  curved  stems. 

243.  When  Iss  follows  an  £hook,  the  circle  is  turned  distinctly 
within  the  hook.     Line  6. 

244.  When  a  final  vowel  follows  for  v  the  stem  is  used.     Line  7. 

245.  The  termination  -tive  is  expressed  by  F-stem  when  the 
preceding  stem  can  be  halved,  otherwise  by  T-stem  and  r-hook. 
Lines  9-10. 

246.  The  terminations  -tary,  -tery,  -tory,  are  expressed  bv  T-Rn\\ 
or  by  Ray  following  a  halved  stem.     Lines  11-12. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


111 


READING   EXERCISE 


fcisJSus. t t lLt £!^_=TJKL^-rk<a:  k  rvT 

.jx, IaJLL^jJULjU!-? L*«»\ t 


..Ik^e. 


u, 


~.ta- 


b..„^..„^....^L^..J 


u„  1_ 


^-^...^1 UjLa ^.v...^:^..z.. 

T.^.^.rr i^ **> ^....z..zl....^....^...^ 

«£(.  A u^LAo^A "^f .....  ^t  kj GL  VO, J:... .^,.Njj £ 


112  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Word-Signs  and  Phrases 


,  n.  ^vv s. £ lx  ...^....zz  .*/?...£.  i-..zr.  L^L^L 

3v^^^^...ZZ..x..t..i L^J^u^^Vj^-^±_c=s: ^L 

*.*£?. .  e^.^X __, *....£..../  ./    / . ..\o...JSjl. ..I....r....|p.../-rj^..L^\. 


1.  Prove,  ajjprove,  before,  above,  belief-ve.  twelve,  differ-ed-ence,  deliver, 
govern,  refer-ed,  referenee,  with  reference,  deliverance,  discover,  recover, 
develop,  believer,  governor. 

2.  Hopeful,  truthful,  cheerful,  watchful,  careful,  awful,  powerful, 
whatever,  whichever,  whoever,  objective,  subjective,  descriptive,  suggestive, 
constructive,  destructive,  productive,  prospective. 

3.  Representative,  respective,  restrictive,  legislative,  out  of,  day  of,  side 
of,  speak  of,  member  of,  subject  of,  part  of,  instead  of,  care  of,  degree  of. 

4.  Whereof,  hereof,  rate  of,  account  of,  on  account  of,  who  have,  which 
have,  which  have  been,  such  have,  hope  to  have,  I  hope  to  have,  said  to 
have,  is  said  to  have,  it  is  said  to  have,  must  have  been,  it  must  have  been, 
I  must  have  been. 

Note. — In  word  formation  the  V-hook  is  read  before  the  t  or  d  added  by 
halving;  but  in  phrasing  this  rule  does  not  apply,  as  shown  in  the  phrases 
part-of,  instead-oi. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  113 


READING  EXERCISK 


^> 


.^....i...s.....Ni.......r l**j^_»j£j_jE 


jk** 


*J]S^,.e...A«^a^.™S£L. * %....sy.....!,C ^^.N^.a .v A>...3*rJ?...*. 

a ^ * V.^ii^x^y^.^^ 

\r.\..^/,^..^...Vt..>....^JA\/.^\!.^..A. 

i?.„: 3^..-..-^..;ri....^...*,...; ^...^...)....t:.\.n* J^C. 

^.^i^^  


<*- *..-rrr..,.<^p» »>»?. >U™...> ri .■>/. „. N^. 

o^-cIj^-SL^  OlTJU^l 

N^.^ U...«^ r...\.JL_™.^~^_Zl^71 Ssa...^...^...^.."...^ P.. 

.^^...(...^...-l..V.*...£ ^d^^Jk^^^ 

LY^^l^r^jLl^d-! *A£J^J^ 

IJ^..^1^ 


114  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Half  Length  Stems  With  Final  Hooks 

247.  Stems  with  final  hooks  are  halved  to  add  either  t  or  d.  The 
added  t  or  d  is  read  after  the  hook,  but  before  an  added  circle. 
Lines  1-8. 

248.  Mp  is  halved  when  an  n-hook  is  attached ;  as  in  impend, 
impugned.    Line  9. 

NOTE. — A  circle  at  the  end  of  a  stem  always  indicates  that  5  is  the  last 
sound  in  a  word,  except  in  a  few  word  signs. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


115 


READING    EXERCISE 


J? v _ *    a,v t 


*p..../2 <r? <^i 


JLr 3l 


..S»...-.l:. 


%: 


>: q Vf " 


P 

7 


u 


/*  ^w 


» 


/  /* 


■^ 


u...,u...^..A^ u .^..:^.'V^..^...^^....L...^. 

■A yg, ^ ix-^-ZZ&^^SC^ 

*j±s> ^L±SkuHl u <j£ h^H -jaJt 


.=>. 


-*\ 


"jaf- 


32- 


~V 


~\ 


x.-X-i- sc~.^^w^ :^...r^.]^^...^^..^ 

^5 . t> ^ 4.;.....\.....3l __„_j* tZ ~Z ...:Z! .../^  ,k  is  -f &«. 


116  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

Word-Signs  and  Phrases 


«^> 


'  ^ 5 5 5 U  if ^ Jjl£As^  I < ^ 


1.  Complaint,  plaintiff,  profit,  prophet,  proved,  approved,  behind,  con- 
stant, gentlemen,  gentleman,  kind,  county,  count,  client,  consequent, 
significant,  defendant,  amount,  mount,  quantity,  acquaint-ed-ance. 

2.  Subsequent,  frequent,  intelligent,  intelligence,  intelligible,  indulge,  in- 
dulgent, indulgence,  negligent-ence,  indispensable,  improvement,  achieve- 
ment, movement,  advertisement  advisement,  experiment,  expenditure. 

3.  Be  not,  but  not,  did  not,  do  not,  had  not,  cannot,  could  not,  or  not, 
are  not,  have  not,  was  not,  will  not,  may  not,  am  not,  were  not,  why  not, 
you  cannot,  you  cannot  be,  you  are  not,  you  will  not. 

4.  You  may  not,  I  did  not,  I  do  not,  I  had  not,  I  did  not  know,  I  do  not 
know,  I  did  not  understand,  I  do  not  understand,  I  cannot,  I  cannot  be,  I 
could  not,  I  could  not  have,  I  have  not,  I  was  not,  I  am  not,  I  am  not 
positive. 

5.  I  may  not,  I  may  not  be,  we  cannot,  we  could  not,  we  did  not,  we  do 
not,  we  had  not,  we  do  not  know,  we  did  not  understand,  we  do  not  think, 
we  do  not  say,  we  are  not,  we  will  not,  we  will  not  be,  he  cannot,  he  cannot 
be,  he  cannot  have. 

6.  He  could  not,  he  could  not  be,  he  was  not,  he  will  not,  he  will  not  be, 
he  may  not,  he  may  not  be,  he  was  not,  I  was  not,  I  may  not,  he  may  not, 
it  was  not,  which  was  not,  there  was  not.  it  cannot  be,  if  it  were  not,  you 
will  find,  I  think  you  will  find. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


117 


Testimony  of  Henry  Browning 

, <^%^  \  y  4?..:..  v:. :..  % !<.  sr.=-..  r 

1.z..:...^..jl...i,...^:..x.. 

.y£(/. «T^..k.s^...l....rkw«.'..<^...!P... 

*/£ rj>.....^..^Az.^ 

a1^.....t<l < ,...^...^...\3.i>...^£„:.  A^.l^.^.L^.S. 

>v>.r..l;x.!...L^..* 

il^X^jz^J.:^ 


\  <=-> 


■ ' t 

f 'i 

^k..r^.r..^X'r.:i: 

^....£/ Lj L....<1. 


/V 


./.3.:.. 


..)..,>/ 


,s*. 


rU.^.A.±.^... 


(^.•^-52 ^^^...: 2? l^cj        ...^..^...:...^.. 


^•••-^^ 


-V"*" 


118  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


The  En-Cvrv 


249.  The  prefixes  in-,  en-,  vn-,  are  expressed  by  an  initial  n-hook, 
called  the  En  curl,  when  followed  by  a  circle  in  outlines  where  Ar-stem 
cannot  be  conveniently  joined.     Lines  1-2. 

•  250.  The  £/i-curl  is  also  used  at  the  end  of  stems  when  the  TV-stem 
does  not  form  a  good  joining.  Lines  3—4.  But  if  AT-stem  can  be 
conveniently  joined  it  should  be  used.     Line  5. 


Omission  of  X 

251.  X  is  often  omitted  in  the  midst  of  an  outline  when  its  use 
would  produce  a  bad  joining  and  when  its  ommission  does  not  alter 
the  general  form  of  the  outline.    Lines  6-7. 

252.  Following  X,  Xs,  Xt,  and  Ray,  went  is  expressed  by  Ent. 
Line  8. 

253.  X  is  generally  omitted  from  the  terminations  -ments, 
-mental, -mentary.     Lines  9-10. 

254.  D  is  omitted  before/in  words  beginning  with  ad-.     Line  11. 

255.  X  is  omitted  from  the  prefix  trans-.    Line  12. 

256.  Words  ending  with  -am,  -orn,  -urn,  are  generally  written 
with  Ray  because  it  forms  an  easier  outline.     Lines  13—14. 

257.  Words  ending  with  -ranee,  -rence,  generally  take  Ray. 
Line  15. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


119 


READING    EXERCISK 


A 


a — v 


. -  V  3  ?  ^  ^  -*/•  i^t^i^JLi^. 

8 fS^-*-' ,, «^r^  . /^^\Z^..%^..t ^tjC  ._ZS»_«*»e 

>,  2* ^  5  4  J3  _a  ...j^V  x/>  v^  v^  feiigJEl 


120 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Contractions 


v. 


^ 


^-\  -^r 


^ii 


/r 


r** 


1.  Unexpessed,  unsuppressed,  inexpressible,  unsuppressible,  inexperienced, 
insecure,  unconsidered,  inconsiderate,  inconsiderable,  demonstrate,  demon- 
strable, monstrous,  Protestant,   countrj-men,  countryman,  business  man. 

2.  Human  nature,  human  being,  human  life,  greenhouse,  roundhouse, 
Kansas  City,  transform,  transformer,  transfer,  prophetic,  painful,  manful, 
cheerfulness,  carefulness. 

3.  Efficient,  inefficient,  sufficient,  insufficient,  proficient,  deficient,  benefi- 
cial, superficial,  artificial,  friendship,  statesmanship,  downward,  western, 
bankrupcy. 

4.  Profitable,  attainable,  explainable,  bankable,  amenable,  abominable, 
terminable,  surmountable,  accountable,  imaginable,  pardonable,  affableness, 
salableness,  profitableness,  traceableness. 

5.  Reasonableness,  serviceableness,  variableness,  movableness  charitable- 
ness, changeableness. 

6.  Circumstantial,  substantial,  potential,  penitential,  credential,  residen- 
tial, presidential  prudential,  providential,  consequential,  preferential,  defer- 
ential, inferential,  reverential,  pestilential,  confidential. 

7.  Boyhood,  manhood,  womanhood,  brotherhood,  girlhood,  ladyhood, 
widowhood,  hardihood,  likelihood,  statehood,  falsehood,  livlihood,  child- 
hood, sisterhood. 

8.  Infinite-ty-ly,  independent-ence-ly,  one  of  the  most,  one  of  the  best,  one 
of  the  largest,  one  of  the  greatest,  over  and  over,  day  to  day,  time  to  time- 
year  to  year,  house  to  house,  by  and  by,  hand  in  hand. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


121 


Review  of  Word-Signs 


above 

acquaint  -ance 

achievement 

advisement 

advertisement 

appearance 

appliance 

approve 

approved 

amount 

awful 

bank 

balance 

been 

began 

begin 

begun 

before 

behind 

believe 

believer 

blank 

careful 

circumstance 

cheerful 

client 

combine 

complaint 

compliance 

connect 

continue 

continually 

continuance 

continuous 


continuously 

constant 

consequence 

constitute 

consequent 

count 

county 

constructive 

denominate 

determine 

deliver 

deliverance 

develop 

defendant 

descriptive 

destructive 

differ 

discover 

doctrine 

done 

down 

explain 

examine 

experience 

experiment 

expenditure 

even 

frequent 

furniture 

general 

generalize 

gentleman 

gentlemen 

govern 


governor 

happen 

hopeful 

imagine 

imaginar\- 

improvement 

intelligent 

intelligence 

intelligible 

indispensable 

kind 

learn 

legislative 

man 

men 

mistaken 

mount 

movement 

negligent 

negligence 

objective 

often 

opinion 

organ 

organize 

phonography 

phonographer 

phonographic 

prove 

proved 

productive 

prospective 

profit 

plaintiff 


powerful 

quantity 

refer 

reference 

recover 

representative 

remembrance 

respective 

restrictive 

significance 

significant 

spoken 

southern 

subjective 

suggestive 

subsequent 

than 

then 

truthful 

twelve 

union 

upon 

watchful 

whatever 

whichever 

whoever 

within 

workman 

workingman 

workmen 

workingmen 

young  man 

young  men 


122 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Testimony  of  Hans  C.  Hanson 


.^,..^,^,..:...x 


juL&SL 


% 


Q. 


^  T  *tf 


.\  < 


V 


*  r 


«_  "V  ..as.  ...„.„.  Y^ ..)..  fh^JOzm.-.a^jd. 

D     i^  .'^~'....(L/...') '^-~..1 L       n   -— .  „C..fta. 


a< 


t 


M=r 


£  -    I    X 


^1-tx 


s. 


"Nx    1    >     I  „*=»     (     I 


J-r.vU^^ 


^1-7.    U 


CHAPTER  IX-The  SHUN-Hook 


Shorthand — 9 


124  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

The  Shun-Hook 

258.  A  large  final  hook,  called  the  SAun-hook,  is  used  for  the  syl- 
lables -tion,  -sion,  -tian,  -cian,  etc. 

259.  The  SAun-hook  is  turned  on  the  inside  of  all  curved  steins  ; 
as  fashion,  confession,  vision,  session,  lotion.    Line  1. 

260.  Following  K  and  G  the  SAun-hook  is  turned  on  the  side 
opposite  the  accented  vowel,  or  on  the  side  opposite  an  initial  hook 
if  there  be  one.     Lines  6-10. 

261.  Following  J?ay  the  SAw/7-hook  is  generally  turned  on  the  side 
opposite  the  accented  vowel.     Lines  11-12. 

262.  Following  P,  B,  T,  D,  the  SAun-hook  is  turned  on  the  right 
side.     Line  13. 

263.  Following  P,  B,  T,  D,  the  SAun-hook  is  turned  on  the  left 
side  to  include  the  sound  of  n,  as  pension,  tension.     Line  14. 

264.  When  -ention  follows  a  curved  stem,  A'-stem  is  used.  Line  15. 

265.  "Words  ending  in  the  SAu/i-hook  form  the  past  tense  by  add- 
ing the  Ed-t\ck.    Line  17. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


125 


READING  EXERCISE 


Uy<?/v...,lr^.../S»rrT>..^V>;j....' ' ^ nJ?. ^^C™j^LI3L 

..^....^...^ La  \^ffpL. 

i%^**pth.  C*?  "Hka fe?  ^   I  /if  iJirP,  .yifcg:  A^ 

.(^...S\^.....^  .* ty?..... 

.:.*p. (^...H...-^^jz^...rif.^ 


«s ...,x. 


_^. 


I ^T>....a=r>...Lf>...u)L.Z 


^!  ^  ..^.^  ;i^...^^..j^..^?..^..^  ^ 


c^7 


7  B-  ^>  "^ 


-p 


i^.. 


b; 


^....^AA.^^^ 


126  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


The  Essiox-Rook. 

266.  The  sjdlables  -ation,  -ession,  -ission,  following  a  consonant 
stem  are  expressed  by  continuing  the  circle  through  the  stem  and 
forming  a  small  hook. 

1.  Sensation,  dispensation,  relaxation,  accession,  succession,  procession, 
precision,  physician,  musician,  causation,  transition,  position,  supposition, 
disposition,  exposition,  imposition. 

267.  The  Shun-hook  is  not  used  when  there  is  no  consonant  stem 
in  the  outline ;  as  shun,  ocean.     Line  3. 

268.  When  two  distinct  vowels  precede  the  syllable  -shun,  it  is 
generally  better  to  use  Ish-stem  and  n-hook  ;  as  expiation,  allevia- 
tion.   Lines  3-5. 

269.  Ish-stem  is  also  used  in  certain  outlines  to  preserve  the 
primitive  form  of  the  outline.    Lines  6-7. 


4^,.iq^3 3 ^■^■^x^^ll%. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  127 

Word-Signs  and  Phrases 

^  \>  x,  V  V> .  I i L....L ^ L  I  -y^...^...^...^. 


1.  Expectation,  expression,  suppression,  objection,  subjection,  tempta- 
tion, satisfaction,  condition,  direction,  duration,  generation,  suggestion, 
connection,  constitution,  description,  incription,  seclusion. 

2.  Exclusion,  recollection,  information,  reformation,  comprehension, 
apprehension,  explanation,  combination,  denomination,  imagination,  sig- 
nification, exploration,  cancellation, legislation,  representation,  publication, 
transformation. 

3.  Demonstration,  administration,  continuation,  observation,  preserva- 
tion, reservation,  prescription,  proscription,  subscription,  transcription, 
transaction,  construction,  instruction,  destruction,    production. 

-t.  Prediction,  reduction,  jurisdiction,  resurrection,  restriction,  opposition, 
position,  possession,  organization,  generalization,  investigation,  participa- 
tion, obstruction,  abstraction,  subtraction,  multiplication. 

5.  Qualification,  certification,  ratification,  justification,  modification, 
mortification,  notification,  sanctification,  specification,  nullification,  purifi- 
cation, mystification,  classification,  simplification. 

6.  Sanction,  distinction,  extinction,  junction,  consumption,  resumption, 
presumption,  assumption,  gumption,  exemption. 

7.  Our  attention,  your  attention,  call  your  attention,  I  will  call  your 
attention,  in  relation,  best  attention,  best  of  my  recollection,  my  best 
recollection,  in  connection,  in  communication,  your  communication,  in  this 
action. 


128 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


READING   EXERCISE 


.         c  \_  v *r  .  *\J2  —^ 3?A\.V^-, 

i^r^.^^^ NZii/1^ 

liT^LLciJ^^ ^.,...^...^./^V 


I 


..O..*.. 


IXjiJ-wsi ^.krf...^...W....^ 

^.y...!....^...^....^.^ wJSa..» ~\l.'....:'X <^..<r>...LCT,../..../T^-*-- 

£.....«....*_* .T!?...>....U^.^5s^...(T^....L...i.....v~«?...l) \»V4i£>...*.....b....i >.. 

s_p.>vTL  ;  A. ~^i >  /  *2±?*J3*a^^^ 

r^..: ^._w..,C..^.^,..^..*..2:.v>..r^.c..c Ll^ziiL^» 


CHAPTER  X-The  Double-Length  Principle 


130  Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 

The  Double-Length  Principle 

270.  The  curved  stems,  except  Xg  and  Alp,  are  made  double-length 
to  add  the  syllable  ter,  der  or  ther.  Ing  is  lengthened  to  add  ker  or 
ger.  Emp  is  lengthened  to  add  er.  The  added  sjdlable  is  read  after 
the  stem  and  anjr  vowel  following  the  stem,  but  before  a  final  hook 
or  circle. 

271.  A  lengthened  upright  or  slanting  stem  rests  on  the  line  for 
the  first  position,  extends  halfway  through  the  line  for  second  posi- 
tion, and  two-thirds  through  the  line  for  the  third  position. 

Lines  1—2.     Words  ending  with  ter. 

Line  3.  Words  ending  with  der. 

Line  4.  Words  ending  with  ther. 

Line  5.  Words  ending  with  ker. 

Line  6.  Words  ending  with  ger. 

Line  7.  Words  ending  with  per. 

Line  8.  Words  ending  with  her. 

272.  Ray  is  sometimes  lengthened  to  add  ter  or  ther.  K  follow- 
ing another  stem  is  lengthened  to  add  tor  or  ture.     Lines  9—10. 

273.  Verbs  ending  in  a  double-length  stem  form  the  past  tense  by 
adding  the  .Ed-tick.     Line  11. 

274.  The  lengthening  principle  cannot  be  used  when  a  vowel 
follows.     Line  12 

275.  It  is  sometimes  desirable  to  indicate  a  distinct  vowel  sound 
in  a  syllable  added  by  lengthening,  and  this  is  done  by  striking  the 
vowel  sign  through  the  lengthened  stem.     Line  13. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


131 


READING    EXERCISE 


1.7. j A w r'......y^. !SwJNv~~JU~-~ ^ttn....^. .......v^'. Jk. 

,  <—  ^  ^  _>  *- 


i^ 


.^^.... 


■fee; b-sr 


■ter 


re 


wk 


y.rx.x^. 


..^i: 


it. 


.:f±- 


il 


^♦7^  >*4*'"t 


V^r 


^-t^^V 


132 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Word-Signs  and  Phrases 


kX- 


1.  Entire,  neither,  another,  longer,  interest,  matter,  material,  writer, 
rather,  return,  whether,  shorter,  disorder. 

2.  Rather  than,  longer  than,  shorter  than,  further  than,  please  return, 
we  return  herewith,  by  return  mail,  whether  or  not,  thereafter,  eccentric, 
internal,  anthracite. 

3.  If  there,  for  there,  after  their,  of  their,  have  their,  think  their,  I  think 
there  is,  so  there,  so  there  is,  was  there,  I  was  there,  he  was  there,  through 
there,  may  there,  in  their,  from  there,  will  there  be. 

4-.  When  there,  when  there  is  anything,  if  there  were,  if  there  were  not,  in 
all  their,  the  other,  on  the  other,  on  the  other  hand,  on  the  other  side,  with 
the  other,  some  other,  some  other  one,  from  some  other. 

5.  My  dear,  my  dear  sir,  my  dear  friend,  fraternal-ly,  father-in-law,  moth- 
er-in-law, sooner  or  later,  in  all  their,  your  letter,  in  reply  to  your  letter. 

6.  Interrupt,  interruption,  interstate,  interposition,  entertainment,  intro- 
duction, interfere,  interference,  interview. 

7.  Interpolation  international,  intervention,  interpret,  interpretation,  in- 
terurban,  intermit,  intermission,  intermediate. 

Note.— The  prefixes  inter-,  enter-,  intro-,  are  expressed  by  Enter.  I,incs  0-7. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


133 


READING   EXERCISE 


r:...^.^...^^....i..r...r..\..^...A..^. 


:/ 


/•(•• 


'v* — i 


IlZJZ=z5±u^£s~jlJ^^ 


L-/~  v. 


^ 


>_<....l^v. 


134 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Review  of  Word-Signs 


abstraction 

administration 

another 

apprehension 

assumption 

certification 

classification 

combination 

comprehension 

condition 

connection 

cancellation 

constitution 

continuation 

construction 

consumption 

demonstration 

denomination 

description 

destruction 

direction 

disorder 

distinction 

duration 

entire 

exclusion 

exemption 

expectation 

explanation 

exploration 

expression 

extinction 

generation 

generalization 

gumption 


imagination 

information 

inscription 

instruction 

interest 

investigation 

junction 

jurisdiction 

justification 

legislation 

longer 

matter 

material 

modification 

mortification 

multiplication 

mystification 

neither 

notification 

nullification 

objection 

observation 

obstruction 

opposition 

organization 

participation 

position 

possession 

prediction 

preservation 

prescription 

presumption 

production 

proscription 

publication 


purification 

qualification 

rather 

ratification 

recollection 

reduction 

reformation 

representation 

reservation 

resurrection 

restriction 

resumption 

return 

sanction 

sanctification 

satisfaction 

seclusion 

simplification 

signification 

shorter 

specification 

subtraction 

subjection 

subscription 

suggestion 

suppression 

transaction 

transcription 

transformation 

temptation 

whether 

writer 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


135 


Prefixes 


s .73. ZTlZ: Z±Zi  "X^.lo  3/ ..X>.X....Zl... 


>% 


3L*. 


^^~v 


X. 


Nj. 


Ac 


1.  Contraband,  counteraction,  countermine,  countermand,  counterirri- 
tant,  counterirritation,  counterfeiter,  contradistinction,  contradictory, 
contradiction,  countervene,  accommodation. 

2.  Circumspect,  circumspection,  circumcision,  circumvent,  circumvention, 
circumambient,  circumambulate,  circumference,  circumjacent,  circumscribe, 
circumstance,  circumstantiation. 

3.  Self-interest,  self-restraint,  self-defense,  self-righteous,  self-destruction, 
self-important,  self-possession,  self-improvement,  self-command,  self-con- 
tained, self-cofidence,  self-conceit,  self-conscious,  self-contradictory. 

4.  Commitment,  commission,  commissioner,  commotion,  commerce,  com- 
mercial, commiserate,  commiseration,  comrade,  comradeship. 

5.  Antecedent,  antiseptic,  antislavery,  antedate,  antidote,  antediluvian, 
antebellum,  antithesis,  antitoxin,  antichrist,  antifriction,  antenuptial. 

6.  Nonacceptance,  nonarrival,  noncommittal,  noncommissioned,  nonexis- 
tence, nonresident,  nonobservant,  nonessential,  nonpayment. 

7.  Nonappearance,  nonattendance,  nondescript,  nonelection,  nonperfor- 
mance, nonsense,  nondelive^-,  nonfulfilment,  nonplus. 

8.  Noncompliance,  nonconductor,  nonconformist,  nonconformity,  non- 
communicant,  noncombatant,  nonconcurrence,  noncontagious,  noncontent, 
noncontribute. 


136 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


The  Power  of  Prompt  Decision 


V 


Y 


£Xx£V~  ^=^udi^  >^\....* .:  ...JL...*.\  x  .......4.^     z^k 


■4-v 


,v\- 


^ 


{. .  .  .  V   w 

./    -rfflL  .4.   v\ —    L    ^ 1 Sfc. 


A. 


^ 


V 


V 


LTY. 


,rL~A 


JZ 


*,  v..%.ai':.^/\yL  \ 


\ 


O      '"^ 


U. 


w ' 


\  » 


<s. 


JL-_* 6    ^    I    ..'— ?r— .  ..>T7Jka      \r-j     *     6     1     • ..."— «  /\  ./..  \.  /\     v/ 


s^r^v/ 


^v*  jLeaJL* ....  Jr.)  ^p\  (  I~.l ! 

-c.^4 V.cT-...^.r..WV 


W-i^. 


<<-«& 


/..<  ..^  ~    ^ }  Ar^^^k  L^-v  ^tA 


^...\.„. 


.^..^.v.., 


*v-+ 


\/. 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  137 

Terminations 


J  J 

i 

^* v^ ^ p^ - -^ 

5...^ a ^....^..s'r~rr.....^j.. <^....^..\S ^ .v £.. 

7j_.4....^..^^....rv.....^..^z LriX.k!^^d id.. 

1.  Denominate-d,  denomination,  nominate-d-tion,  abominate-d-tion,  pre- 
dominate-d-tion,  terminate-d-tion,  determine-d,  determinate-d-tion,  contam- 
inate-d-tion,  exterminate-d-tion,  eliminate-d-tion,  illumine,  illumined,  illum- 
inate, illumination. 

2.  Disseminate-d-tion,  discriminate-d-tion,  indiscriminate-d-tion,  culmin- 
ate-d-tion,  calumniate,  calumniation,  examine-ation,  examined. 

3.  Institute,  institution,  substitute,  substitution,  destitute,  destitution, 
prostitute,  prostitution,  constitute-d,  constitution,  unconstitutional, 
restitution. 

4.  Geology,  genealogy,  phrenology,  physiology,  theology,  biology,  ter- 
minology, demonology,  mineralogy,  bacteriology,  psychology,  sociology, 
analogy. 

5.  Lightest,  latest,  neatest,  greatest,  moralist,  sensualist,  sensationalist, 
socialist,  wisest,  finest,  vainest,  truest,  grandest,  chiefest. 

6.  Factionist,  contortionist,  extortionist,  revolutionist,  secessionist, 
nicest,  risest,  gravest,  roughest,  fusionist,  elocutionist,  coarsest,  grossest. 

7.  Attestation,  detestation,  protestation,  molestation,  investigation, 
realization,  materialization,  authorization,  organization,  generalization, 
civilization,  spiritualization,  capitalization,  utilization. 


138 


Elements  of  Phonetic  Shorthand 


Importance  of  Accurate  Outlines 


^V 


V 


:j*l 


r^ 


tA....//..A..<r>.J...(;J...ri\ Lx.....*^ -^  ...L y  .\~\C. 

y 


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U...V. £  X..*..<=w  ..#.  ..^    .1. c  _fr?  1  ^ 


V 


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x... .« -....rrv^.. 

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U.! £* 


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is* 


*M 


,....™..^...a-....^.>...  :a  .3.. -  /! !2 j .  L..^f...V-a..^.X< 


>^1NI 


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I       •     — 3   \  ■ — j.       e 

V ^^T 


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^.L^^l.  J:.. 1 1  ZL4±S 


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../..'.  L  •#  ./• 


a  ..'   <->  V  „..fT )  ....V     \ 


t.  isiuiyri 


UNIVERSITY  ot  CALIFORNIA 

AT 

LOS  ANGELES 

LIBRARY 


MIIHHi 

A     000  564  917 


